• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.3584-3602
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• 2022

NFV realizes flexible and rapid software deployment and management of network functions in the cloud network, and provides network services in the form of chained virtual network functions (VNFs). However, using VNFs to provide quality guaranteed services is still a challenge because of the inherent difficulty in intelligently scaling VNFs to handle traffic fluctuations. Most existing works scale VNFs with fixed-capacity instances, that is they take instances of the same size and determine a suitable deployment location without considering the cloud network resource distribution. This paper proposes a traffic forecasted assisted proactive VNF scaling approach, and it adopts the instance capacity adaptive to the node resource. We first model the VNF scaling as integer quadratic programming and then propose a proactive adaptive VNF scaling (PAVS) approach. The approach employs an efficient traffic forecasting method based on LSTM to predict the upcoming traffic demands. With the obtained traffic demands, we design a resource-aware new VNF instance deployment algorithm to scale out under-provisioning VNFs and a redundant VNF instance management mechanism to scale in over-provisioning VNFs. Trace-driven simulation demonstrates that our proposed approach can respond to traffic fluctuation in advance and reduce the total cost significantly.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.1052-1065
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• 2024

Advanced Pressurized Water Reactors (APWRs) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) employ a suppression pool as a heat sink to prevent containment overpressure. Steam can be discharged into the pool through multi-hole spargers or blowdown pipes in both normal and accident conditions. Direct Contact Condensation (DCC) creates sources of momentum and heat. The competition between these two sources determines the development of thermal stratification or mixing of the pool. Thermal stratification is of safety concern as it reduces the cooling capability compared to a completely mixed pool condition. In this work we develop a scaling approach to prediction of the thermal stratification in a water pool induced by steam injection through spargers. Experimental data obtained from large-scale pool tests conducted in the PPOOLEX and PANDA facilities, as well as simulation results obtained using validated codes are used to develop the scaling. Two injection orientations, namely radial injection through multi-hole Sparger Head (SH) and vertical injection through Load Reduction Ring (LRR), are considered. We show that the erosion rate of the cold layer can be estimated using the Richardson number. In this work, scaling laws are proposed to estimate both the (i) transient erosion velocity and (ii) the stable position of the thermocline. These scaling laws are then implemented into a 1D model to simulate the thermal behavior of the pool during steam injection through the sparger.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2002

Applications of scaled telemanipulation into micro or nano world that shows many different features from directly human interfaced tools have been increased continuously. Here, we have to consider many aspects of scaling such as force, position, and impedance. For instance, what will be the possible range of force and position scaling with a specific level of performance and stability\ulcorner This knowledge of feasible staling region can be critical to human operator safety. In this paper, we show the upper bound of the product of force and position scaling and simulation results of 1DOF scaled system by using the Llewellyn's unconditional stability in continuous and discrete domain showing the effect of sampling rate.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제29A권3호
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• pp.96-105
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• 1992

The use of fixed-point digital signal processors, such as the TMS 320C25, requires scaling of data at each arithmetic step to prevent overflows while keeping the accuracy. A software which automatizes this process is developed for TMS 320C25. The programmers use a model of a hypothetical floating-point digital signal processor and a floating-point format for data representation. However, the program and data are automatically translated to a fixed-point version by this software. Thus, the execution speed is not sacrificed. A fixed-point variable has a unique binary-point location, which is dependent on the range of the variable. The range is estimated from the floating-point simulation. The number of shifts needed for arithmetic or data transfer step is determined by the binary-points of the variables associated with the operation. A fixed-point code generator is also developed by using the proposed automatic scaling software. This code generator produces floating-point assembly programs from the specifiations of FIR, IIR, and adaptive transversal filters, then floating-point programs are transformed to fixed-point versions by the automatic scaling software.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.101-106
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• 2012

Ship handling simulator is a virtual ship navigating system with three dimensional screen system and simulation programs. FTS simulation can produce theoretically infinite experiment tests without time constraint, but which results in collecting determinstic observations. RTS simulation can collect statistical observations but has disadvantage of spending at least 30 minutes for a single experiment. The previous studies suggested that the number of experiment conditions to be tested could be reduced to obtain random data with RTS simulation by focusing on highly difficult experiment condition for ship handling. It has the limitation of not estimating the distribution of ship handling difficulty for the route. In this paper, similarity and clustering analysis are suggested for reduction methodology of experiment conditions. Similarity of experiment conditions are measured as follows: euclidean distance of ship handling difficulty index and correlation matrix of distance differences from the designed route. Clustering analysis and multi-dimensional scaling are applied to classify experiment conditions with measured similarity into reducing the number of RTS simulation conditions. An empirical result on Dangin harbor is shown and discussed.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국해양정보통신학회 2000년도 춘계종합학술대회
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• pp.442-446
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• 2000

MOSFET는 속도의 증가, 전력 감소 그리고 집적도 증가를 위한 끊임없는 요구에 대응하여 최근 10년간 많은 변화를 겪었다. 그로 인한 스켈링이론이 부각되었고 풀 밴드 Monte Carlo 디바이스 시뮬레이터는 다른 형태의 n-channel MOSFET 구조에서 hot carrier에 대한 디바이스 스켈링의 효과를 연구하는데 사용되었다. 본 연구에서는 단일 Source/Drain 주입의 Conventional MOSFET와 저도핑 Drain(LDD) MOSFEI 그리고 MOSFET을 고도핑된 ground plane 위에 적충하여 만든 EPI MOSFET에 대하여 TCAD(Technology Compute. Aided Design)를 사용하여 스켈링 및 시뮬레이션하였다. 스켈링방법은 Constant-Voltage 스켈링을 사용하였고 시뮬레이션 결과로 스켈링에 대한 MOSFET의 특성과 임팩트 이온화, 전계를 비교 분석을 통해 TCAD의 실용성을 살펴보았고 스켈링을 이해하기 위한 물리적인 토대를 제시하였다.

• 한국컴퓨터산업학회논문지
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• 제5권9호
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• pp.993-1004
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 구동토크의 제약을 갖는 4륜 2자유도 구륜이동로봇의 기구학 및 동력학 모델링과 경로추적을 다룬다. 유도된 기구학 모델을 이용하여 구륜이퐁로봇의 가제어성을 조사한다. 순간일치좌표계와 힘/토크의 전파, 뉴튼의 평형법칙을 이용하여 동려학 모델을 유도한다. 역동력학에 의해 산출된 구동토크가 한계 구동토크를 초과할 경우, time-scaling 기법을 이용하여 기준제적을 수정함으로써 구륜이동로봇이 기준경로를 추적하도록 한다. 제어기는 모델링 불확실성과 측정 잡음 등으로 인하여 발생하는 오차를 보상하도록 설계한다. 또한 본 논문에서 제시된 기법의 유효성을 입증하기 위해 모의실험을 수행하고 그 결과를 제시한다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.96-103
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• 2004

기존의 축척방법을 개선하기 위하여 실험 데이터나 엔진 제작사에서 제공된 일부 데이터로부터 일련의 구성품 성능선도들을 구하고, MATLAB 프로그램의 다항식을 이용하여 새롭게 성능선도를 구성하는 축척방법을 제안하였다. 본 연구에서는 소형 터보축 엔진의 실험 데이터를 이용하여 새로 제안된 기법을 검증하였고, 실제 항공기 엔진인 PT6A-62에 새로 제안된 기법을 적용하여 보았다. 여기서 얻어진 구성품 성능선도로 성능해석을 수행한 결과를 실제 엔진 성능 데이터, 기존의 축척방법으로 얻어진 구성품 성능선도로 성능해석을 수행한 결과와 비교하였다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 $0.1\;{\mu}m$ 이하의 게이트 길이를 갖는 MHEMT의 DC 및 RF 특성을 상용 시뮬레이터인 ISE-TCAD tool을 이용하여 결과를 고찰하였다. 이후 MHEMT의 게이트 길이와, 소스-드레인 간격 및 채널 두께를 변화시켜 가면서 소자의 수평, 수직 Scaling효과가 소자 특성에 미치는 영향을 비교하였으며, 게이트 길이 $(L_g)$가 $0.1\;{\mu}m$ 이하로 감소함에 따라 $g_{m,max}$가 같이 감소하는 현상에 대해서 논의해 보았다. 또한 이 현상을 가지고 소자의 횡적, 종적 파라미터의 scaling 효과에 대한 모델을 제시 했다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.1262-1270
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• 2017

Among various decoding algorithms of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, the min-sum (MS) algorithm and its modified algorithms are widely adopted because of their computational simplicity compared to the sum-product (SP) algorithm with slight loss of decoding performance. In the MS algorithm, the magnitude of the output message from a check node (CN) processing unit is decided by either the smallest or the next smallest input message which are denoted as min1 and min2, respectively. It has been shown that multiplying a scaling factor to the output of CN message will improve the decoding performance. Further, Zhong et al. have shown that multiplying different scaling factors (called a 2-dimensional scaling) to min1 and min2 much increases the performance of the LDPC decoder. In this paper, the simplified 2-dimensional scaled (S2DS) MS algorithm is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, we figure out a pair of the most efficient scaling factors which multiplications can be replaced with combinations of addition and shift operations. Furthermore, one scaling operation is approximated by the difference between min1 and min2. The simulation results show that S2DS achieves the error correcting performance which is close to or outperforms the SP algorithm regardless of coding rates, and its computational complexity is the lowest comparing to modified versions of MS algorithms.