• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.175-182
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• 2010

North American ginseng seedlings (Panax quinquefolius L.) were grown in pots in heated greenhouses, in a cool greenhouse, or in the field, in 11 experiments at various times over 16 years. Crop establishment, dry matter partitioning, photosynthesis, radiation use efficiency and carbon budget were measured and/or calculated in some years. Once the seedling canopy, of about $20\;cm^2$ per seedling, and a leaf area index of 0.37, was established, about 40 days after germination, full canopy display lasted about 87 days. Only 16.6% of the incoming solar radiation was intercepted by the crop, the remainder falling on the mulched soil surface. Total and root dry matter accumulations in the cool greenhouse and in the field were about double that in the heated greenhouses. Partitioning of dry matter to roots (economic yield or harvest index) in the cool greenhouse and in the field was 73% whereas it was 62.5% in the heated greenhouses. The relationship between root dry matter and radiation interception during the full canopy period was linear with growth efficiencies of $2.92\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 4.8% of incoming radiation and $0.30\;mg\;MJ^{-1}$ at 68% of incoming radiation. A photosynthetic rate of $0.39\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$ was attained at light saturation of about $150\;{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ (7.5% of full sunlight); dark respiration was $0.03\;g\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1}$, about 8.5% of maximum assimilation rate. Estimates of dry matter accumulation by growth analysis and by $CO_2$ uptake were similar, 6.21 vs. 7.62 mg $CO_2$, despite several assumptions in $CO_2$ uptake calculations.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.2697-2702
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• 2014

In this paper, we demonstrated a Ku-band 2W MMIC power amplifier for satellite communication applications. The device technology used relies on $0.25{\mu}m$ GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) of Wireless Information Networking (WIN) Semiconductor foundry. The 2W MMIC power amplifier has gain of over 29 dB and saturation output power of over 33.4 dBm in the frequency range of 13.75 ~ 14.5 GHz. Power added efficiency (PAE) is a 29 %. To our knowledge, this is the highest power added efficiency reported for any commercial GaAs-based 2W MMIC power amplifier in the Ku-band.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.834-841
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• 2018

A power amplifier for subgigahertz short-range wireless communication using $0.18-{\mu}m$ CMOS technology is presented. It is designed as a differential structure to form easily a virtual ground node, to increase output power, and to design a cascode structure to prevent breakdown. The transistor gate width was determined to maximize the output power and power-added efficiency(PAE), and the balun was optimized through electromagnetic simulation to minimize the loss caused by the matching network. This power amplifier had a gain of more than 49.5 dB, a saturation power of 26.7 dBm, a peak PAE of 20.7 % in the frequency range of 860 to 960 MHz, and a chip size of $2.14mm^2$.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.449-457
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• 2021

Photosynthesis and respiration rate of microalgae are important factors during advanced wastewater treatment research using microalgae, There are several equipments and measurement methods for measuring photosynthesis and respiration, with different challenges that occur during pretreatment and stabilization of the analysis process. Therefore, in this study, for accurate Photosynthesis and Respiration (P&R) analyzer measurement, the analysis process was divided into pre-processing, DO stabilization, and analysis stages and each was optimized to enable accurate evaluation. For this purpose, the effect of DO saturation of the sample on P&R analysis, DO stabilization according to the degassing flow rate, and photoinhibition of the OD level on photosynthesis was investigated. Based on our study results, when DO was supersaturated, photosynthetic efficiency decreased due to photorespiration, making it inappropriate as a P&R sample. In addition, 0.5 L-N2/min level was the optimal nitrogen degassing flow rate for DO desaturation. The inhibition of photosynthetic efficiency by self-shading caused by the increase in OD was observed from OD 2.0, and it was found that P& R analysis is preferably performed on samples with OD less than 2.0. In addition, based on the above three optimization results, an optimized P&R Analyzer instruction for accurate P&R analysis was also presented.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.655-662
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• 2003

Slope stability is an important issue ill civil engineering works or in open pit mines where both economy and efficiency is required. These are the long-term stability problems which depend on the change of physical properties under a certain weather condition. These can also result in progress of weathering which can change mechanical or hydro-geological properties of rock mass considerably. In this study, weathering in nature was simulated by freeze-thaw test and Soxhlet test which represent mechanical and chemical weathering respectively. Measured were elastic wave velocities, absorption rate, volume change. Uniaxial compression strengths before and after the weathering tests were also measured. The change in weight and volume of the specimens were not clearly related to the weathering process, but P, S wave velocities were clearly decreased as weathering progresses. For some class of rocks, P-wave velocity was increased probably because of the saturation due to improved connectivity of the pre-existing pores. Based on the test results, stability of the slopes were analyzed using FLAC$\^$2D/. Due to the reduced strength parameters, the factors of safety were decreased for the selected sites.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.153-158
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• 2003

This thesis deal with ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials. PZT/Ferrite ceramics were made by the making process using PZT powder and garnet ferrite powder. PZT and ferrite are mixed as much 90%-10%, 50%-50%, and so on. After making samples, we are polishing samples until thickness is 0.1~0.2mm. We measured all kinds of samples in room temperature and applied magnetic field from -4500 to 4500 Oersted and conducted test of magnetical and electrical measurement using VSM and lpC resolution electrometer calibrated with RT66A pulsed tester. From this measurement, we can calculate tunability of these samples using C value obtained from P-E loop. As a result, it was able to measure magnetic characteristic when two matter had each other component ratio, and it was compound. However, it confirmed the possibility that was able to have ferroelectric characteristic with you in PZT 90% and ferrite 10%. Therefore, If this thing comes for PZT 50% and ferrite 50% have ferroelectric characteristic as him in a compound sample ore, can use this in an oscillator, supersonic waves detector in addition to a piezoelectric element. It may contribute to multipurpose of an element and demands such as a miniaturization of equipment, efficiency, reduce of a price which can use a characteristic of two components.

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.719-720
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• 2004

A multi-megawatt long pulse ion source (LPIS) of neutral beam injector was developed for the KSTAR. Beam extraction experiments of the LPIS were carried out at the neutral beam test stand (NBTS). Design requirements for the ion source were 120 kV/65 A deuterium beam and a 300 s pulse length. A maximum ion density of $9.1310^{11}$ $cm^{-3}$ was measured by using electric probes, and an optimum arc efficiency of 0.46 A/kW was estimated with ion saturation current of the probes, arc power, and total beam area. An arcing problem, caused by the structural defect of decelerating grid supporter, in the third gap was solved by the blocking of backstream ion particles, originated from the plasma in the neutralizer duct, through the unnecessary spaces on the side of grid supporter. A maximum drain power of 1.5 MW (i.e. 70 kV/21 A) with hydrogen was measured for a pulse duration of 0.5 s. Optimum beam perveance was ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. An improved design of accelerator for the effective control of beam particle trajectory should provide higher beam perveance.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.7
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• pp.892-897
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• 2018

Due to population aging, an increase in the number of patients with chronic illnesses, and an increase in the number of single-person households, monitoring of health status in everyday life without the need for a hospital has become very important. For this reason, researches on various health care devices have been attempted, among which wearable devices are attracting much attention. In this paper, we propose a new ring-type wearable device for next generation healthcare. On the inner side of the ring, a metal electrodes for GSR measurement and an optical sensor for measurement of pulse wave signals of two wavelengths of red and near-infrared light were mounted. In addition, it was equipped with an acceleration sensor, and information about the degree of motion could be obtained. In this paper, it is shown that a health monitoring device can be implemented in the form of a ring, and the measured signals can be used to calculate heart rate, oxygen saturation, sleep time and sleep efficiency. Through the advanced algorithm, it is expected that we can extract various health information, especially sleep related health information by using the ring device, and it is also expected that it can contribute to the implementation of wearable healthcare effectively.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.172-175
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 GaN HEMT를 이용하여 Jamming용 System에 사용될 수 있는 고효율 및 고출력 특성을 가지는 광대역 Amplifier를 제작하였다. Jamming System에서 핵심이 되는 Amplifier는 넓은 범위의 주파수에서 통상적으로 사용되는 출력 신호에 비해 보다 높은 출력의 신호를 구현하는 것이 중요하다. 본 논문에서는 GaN HEMT에 안정적인 전원 공급을 위한 음 전원 Bias 제어 회로와 Sequence 회로 및 온도에 따른 Gain 보상 회로를 구현하였으며, 500~2500MHz의 광대역에서 동작하면서 50W 이상의 출력을 낼 수 있도록 설계하였다. 출력 전력이 향상과 안정적인 동작을 위해 Main 출력 단은 60Watt 급의 GaN HEMT 소자와 광대역 Coupler를 이용하여 Balanced Structure로 설계하였다. 제작된 광대역 Amplifier는 30V 단일 전원에서 동작하도록 설계되었고, 크기는 140*90mm이다. 동작주파수 대역(500~2500MHz)에서 Small Signal Gain 63dB와 Gain Flatness ${\pm}$2dB, -10dB 이하의 Input Return Loss를 가진다. CW(Continuous Wave) Signal을 이용하여 측정하였으며, 50Watt 이상의 Saturation Power에서 최대 45%, 최소 28% 정도의 효율 특성을 보였다.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.478-484
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• 2007

This paper deals with the high efficient vector control for the reduction of copper losses of the doubly fed motor. Firstly, the feedback linearization control based on Lyapunov approach is employed to design the underlying controller achieving the double fluxes orientation. The fluxes# controllers are designed independently of the speed. The speed controller is designed using the Lyapunov method especially employed to the unknown load torques. The global asymptotic stability of the overall system is theoretically proven. Secondly, a new Torque Copper Losses Factor is proposed to deal with the problem of the machine copper losses. Its main function is to optimize the torque in keeping the machine saturation at an acceptable level. This leads to a reduction in machine currents and therefore their accompanied copper losses guaranteeing improved machine efficiency. The simulation and experimental results in comparative presentation confirm largely the effectiveness of the proposed DFIM control with a very interesting energy saving contribution.