• 무역학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

This paper examines the impact of sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) and technical barriers to trade (TBT) on Korean exports, taking global value chains (GVC) participation into consideration. Using product-level import data from 2000 to 2014, we find heterogeneous effects of importers' SPS and TBT on Korean exports depending on the degree and position of GVC participation. According to the results, trade restrictive effects of SPS and TBT are smaller for industries that are more deeply involved in GVC. However, trade restrictive effects are greater for industries located at a relatively upstream production stage in GVC.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.19-34
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• 2019

This study investigates the WTO dispute over Japanese fishery products originated from Fukushima and another seven prefectures. Being subject to an import ban and additional radioactive test requirements, Japan complained that the Korean government's trade measures are inconsistent with the principles of the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. This paper considered the contrasting judicial decisions made by the Panel and Appellate Body and analyzed the debates with respect to their trade-discriminatory effects (Article 2.4), the relevance of appropriate level of protection (Article 5.6) and the precautionary approaches (Article 5.7). Consistent with the final rulings, this paper identifies the need for a broaden understanding of regional conditions and qualitative aspects of protection in risk analysis. Findings also suggest that Korea has diverted its fishery imports from Japan to other countries, while Japan has created export diversion from Korea to other destinations.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.252-260
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• 2009

According to Article 7 and Annex B of the World Trade Organization(WTO) Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary(SPS) Measures, WTO members are required to notify their newly established or amended SPS measures that might affect international trade. This study analyzed SPS notifications from 1995 to 2008 to identify international trends for food safety measures. The notifications were collected from the SPS information management system and the official document distribution system of WTO. The 153 WTO members represented 37 developed countries, 84 developing countries and 32 least developed countries. The number of overall notifications was 9,820. The annual notifications increased from 198 in 1995 to 1,264 in 2008. The monthly average notifications were from 44.8 in December to 69.5 in June; however, there were no statistical differences among them. The six leading Members in terms of notification submissions were United States(U.S.), Brazil, New Zealand, Canada, European Community and Korea. Among the regular and emergency notifications, 62.7% notifications were concerned with food safety, followed by animal and plant protections. Among animal protection notifications, 54.8% were emergency situations. Of the 4,821 food safety notifications, 60.4% were from developed countries, and 39.3% were from developing countries. Measures concerning pesticide residues and risk assessments were mainly from developed countries. In contrast, 77.5% of the measures concerning zoonoses were from developing countries. However considering the numbers of developing and developed countries, the average number of measures for each country was similar. Food safety measures were mainly involved pesticide residues followed by food additives, zoonoses, new regulations, labeling. As the overall notifications, zoonosis measures were mainly emergency notifications. Measures concerning pesticide residues, food additives, zoonoses, new regulations, veterinary drugs, and labeling were submitted most often by the U.S., Korea, Albania, U.S., Australia, and U.S., respectively. Identifying the exact trends of food safety measures was complicated by a number of factors. However, WTO notifications might be useful tool in providing a general view of international trends.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.287-305
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• 2019

The export of agricultural, fisheries, and food products acts as an engine of growth for developing countries in particular. However, exporting these items is easier said than done since issues of certification and inspection, so-called technical barriers to trade (TBT) and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS), in developed markets have worked as major obstacles for exports. This paper examines the institutional aspects and recent trends of South Korea's TBT/SPS-related cases against exporting firms of the developing countries. We suggest a win-win partnership model that can promote cooperative synergies between Korea and developing employing trade-related technical cooperation or ODA (Official Development Aid). Technical cooperation such as the provision of on-spot field consulting services on TBT/SPS-related issues for exporting firms and Korean OEM firms of developing countries can lead to mutual gains. This cooperative partnership can create gains from "the trade-development nexus" for both sides while promoting sustainable trade and investment relationships between Korea and developing countries.

• 아태비즈니스연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.119-134
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study was to expound the packaging framework system(PFS) under international trade rules. Design/methodology/approach - This study analyzed packaging framework system and packaging regulations and technical standards in international regulations and major countries and classified these in some standards Findings - First, the study provides packaging provisions associated with packaging regulations and technical standards (PRTS). Then, the basis of PFS in international trade rules was proposed; it is believed that the PFS was composed of packaging legal system in WTO institutional framework (WTO-PLS), international organization packaging standard system (IO-PSS) and major countries or regions packaging regulatory system (MCR-PRS). Secondly, this paper expounded relations and legal characteristics of the three packaging systems. Finally, This study investigated PRTS coverage under technical barriers to trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS). Research implications or Originality - The regulations associated with PRTS have played a key role in challenges to merchandise trade in international trade. This study has significance in classifying packaging related reticulations into several criteria unlike previous studies. Therefore it is hope that this study can provide a supplementary document for the existing research of PRTS.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.33-71
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• 2021

Many different approaches and databases have been developed for the evaluation of non-tariff measures (NTMs) and free trade agreements (FTAs). This paper is devoted to the EU-South Korea agreement, which is the first 'second-generation' FTA of the EU, addressing a wide array of non-tariff policies. We review the evolution of NTM types applicable to the EU-South Korea trade relationship and the role of NTMs in ex-ante and ex-post analyses of the agreement. Subsequently a structural gravity model is employed to assess the value added of information on different aspects of FTAs and types of NTMs by evaluating their ability to predict the trade effects of the EU-South Korea FTA. Our results show that, when accounting for information on the components common in modern deep trade agreements, no additional trade effect is attributable to the EU-South Korea FTA. The evolution of NTMs differs considerably across indicators used, but trade predictions are hardly affected. Most specifications point towards a negative effect of bilateral differences in the number of technical barriers to trade (TBT) applied and sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) against which trading partners issued complaints at the WTO.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.699-706
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• 2007

The importance of the standards and its related texts established by Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) had been increased by the Agreement of Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) in World Trade Organization (WTO). To meet the needs of WTO SPS Agreement, biennial CAC meeting had been changed to every year. This study was conducted to analyze the effects on interval between CAC meetings. The years of adoption, revision and amendment of CAC texts were collected from the official standard list and individual texts from CAC homepage. The period since establishment of CAC was divided into four groups by starting negotiation of Uruguay Round, WTO foundation and reducing the interval between CAC meetings. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS program. The numbers of CAC standards, guidelines, recommendations, maximum residue levels, and miscellaneous texts were 202, 56, 46, 3 and 5, respectively. Since 8 documents didn't contain the adoption year, these texts were eliminated to analyze adoption year. For adoption, annually 11.26 texts were established since establishment of CAC and there were no significant difference among the 4 groups. However the average numbers of revisions and amendments of adopted texts for overall periods and for each period were 7.56, 0.93, 6.50, 17.20 and 19.75, respectively. The average numbers of overall decisions, defined as summation of adoption, revision and amendment of texts, for overall periods and for each period were 12.37, 6.27, 9.00, 17.40 and 29.25, respectively. There were significant differences by the WTO foundation and the interval between CAC meetings. The reduced interval of CAC meetings influenced to increase number of revisions and amendments of adopted texts, but not yet adoption of new text.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.599-608
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• 2017

본 논문은 국산 배와 일본산 배에 대한 국내소비자의 무차별 선호를 가정한 가격격차 방법론을 적용하여 일본산 배의 수입금지 조치 해제 시 경제적 정량적 영향을 사전에 분석하는 방법론을 소개한다. 방법론을 이용하여 2018년 일본산 배의 수입허용 가정 시 시뮬레이션을 수행한 결과, 연평균 5만 톤의 일본산 배가 국내시장에 유입될 것으로 추정된다. 이 수입량은 국내 배 가격하락 뿐만 아니라 국산 배 생산량 감소를 야기하여 국내 배 생산 감소효과를 초래하여, 연평균 930억원 수준의 직접적인 피해가 예상된다. 국내 배 재배면적과 생산량은 베이스라인 대비 0.7%, 1.4% 감소할 것으로 예측된다. 또한, 생산 소비 대체재를 포함한 다른 품목 부문에 미치는 간접적인 영향을 합한 전체 농업분야의 연평균 감소액은 약 2,090억 원 수준으로 베이스라인 대비 0.4% 감소할 것으로 전망된다. 본 연구에서 제안한 SPS 수입금지 조치 해제 시나리오 영향평가는 기존에 수행해오던 양허안 중심의 시나리오 분석과 병행하여, 메가 FTA 참여 시 농업분야 파급영향의 사전분석 방법론을 개선할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2010

수산동물의 질병 발생과 확산을 억제하기 위하여 제정된 수산동물질병관리법은 2008년 12월 22일 시행되었다. 수산동물의 질병 발생과 확산을 억제하기 위하여 위험분석이 새롭게 도입 되었다. 수산동물의 이동에 대한 위험분석의 도입은 세계무역기구의 SPS 협정의 권고사항의 이행과 관련이 있으며, 세계동물보건기구의 수산동물위생규정의 지침에 의거하여 수행되어져야 한다. 이 보고서는 수산동물의 이동에 대한 국제규정과 국내의 위험분석 제반여건을 수집하여 분석하였다.