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Quantitative Differences in mRNA Expression of Toll-like Receptor (TLR)-2, -4, and -9 in Normal Equine Eyes and Eyes with Equine Recurrent Uveitis (말의 정상안과 재발성 포도막염이 있는 안구에서의 Toll-like Receptor-2, -4, -9 발현 비교)

  • Yi, Na-Young;Salmon, Jacklyn;Gilger, Brian
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.520-523
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    • 2009
  • The purporse of this study was to evaluate the quantitative differences in mRNA expression of TLR-2, -4, and -9 in normal equine eyes and eyes with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU). Normal equine eyes (n = 6) and eyes with naturally-occurring ERU (n = 6) were collected. Real time PCR assay was performed to compare mRNA expression of TLR-2, -4, and -9 between normal and ERU eyes. A significant up-regulation of TLR-2 and -9 mRNA in the ciliary body and TLR-2 mRNA in the iris was found in eyes with ERU compared to the mRNA levels in these same tissues of normal equine eyes. There were no remarkable differences observed in TLR-4 mRNA expression between normal eyes and eyes with ERU. The current data suggest the potential involvement of TLR-2 and -9 in the pathogenesis of ERU. However, further study is required to determine the role of TLRs in ERU.

Morphological and Genetic Characteristics of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Isolated from Newly Emerging Static-Symptom Anthracnose in Apple

  • Jeon, Yongho;Cheon, Wonsu
    • 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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    • 2014.10a
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    • pp.34-34
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    • 2014
  • Filamentous fungi of the genus Colletotrichum (teleomorph, Glomerella) are considered major plant pathogens worldwide. Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruit trees may be seriously affected by this pathogen (1). Colletotrichum species cause typical disease symptoms known as anthracnoses, characterized by sunken necrotic tissue, where orange conidial masses are produced. Anthracnose appears in both developing and mature plant tissues (2). We investigated disease occurrence in apple orchards from 2013 to 2014 in northern Gyeongbuk province, Korea. Typical anthracnose with advanced symptoms was observed in all apple orchards studied. Of late, static fruit spot symptoms are being observed in apple orchards. A small lesion, which does not expand further and remains static until the harvesting season, is observed at the beginning of fruit growth period. In our study, static symptoms, together with the typical symptoms, were observed on apples. The isolated fungus was tested for pathogenicity on cv. 'Fuji apple' (fully ripe fruits, unripe fruits, and cross-section of fruits) by inoculating the fruits with a conidial suspension ($10^5$ conidia/ml). In apple inoculated with typical anthracnose fungus, the anthracnose symptoms progressed, and dark lesions with salmon-colored masses of conidia were observed on fruit, which were also soft and sunken. However, in apple inoculated with fungi causing static symptoms, the size of the spots did not increase. Interestingly, the shape and size of the conidia and the shape of the appressoria of both types of fungi were found to be similar. The conidia of the two types of fungi were straight and cylindrical, with an obtuse apex. The culture and morphological characteristics of the conidia were similar to those of C. gloeosporioides (5). The conidia of C. gloeosporioides germinate and form appressoria in response to chemical signals such as host surface wax and the fruitripening hormone ethylene (3). In this study, the spores started to germinate 4 h after incubation with an ethephon suspension. Then, the germ tubes began to swell, and subsequently, differentiation into appressoria with dark thick walls was completed by 8 h. In advanced symptoms, fungal spores of virtually all the appressoria formed primary hyphae within 16 h. However, in the static-symptom fungus spores, no primary hyphae formed by 16 h. The two types of isolates exhibited different growth rates on medium containing apple pectin, Na polypectate, or glucose as the sole carbon. Static-symptom fungi had a >10% reduction in growth (apple pectin, 14.9%; Na polypectate, 27.7%; glucose, 10.4%). The fungal isolates were also genetically characterized by sequencing. ITS regions of rDNA, chitin synthase 1 (CHS1), actin (ACT), and ${\beta}$-tubulin (${\beta}t$) were amplified from isolates using primer pairs ITS 1 and ITS 4 (4), CHS-79F and CHS-354R, ACT-512F and ACT-783R, and T1 and ${\beta}t2$ (5), respectively. The resulting sequences showed 100% identity with sequences of C. gloeosporioides at KC493156, and the sequence of the ${\beta}$t gene showed 100% identity with C. gloeosporioides at JX009557.1. Therefore, sequence data from the four loci studied proves that the isolated pathogen is C. gloeosporioides. We also performed random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR, which showed clearly differentiated subgroups of C. gloeosporioides genotypes. The clustering of these groups was highly related to the symptom types of the individual strains.

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Effects of Activin on Testosterone-primed Immature Rainbow Trout Gonadotropin Release in vitro (Testosterone 처리한 미성숙 무지개송어 뇌하수체의 세포배양계에서 생식소자극초르몬 분비에 대한 Activin의 효과)

  • KIM Dae-Jung;HAN Chang-Hee;AIDA Katsumi
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.32 no.2
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    • pp.204-210
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    • 1999
  • The present studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of activin-A on gonadotropins (GTHs) release in testosterone-treated immature rainbow trout Oncorhpynchus mykiss. The administration of testosterone elevated pituitary level of GTH II but not of GTH I. In this study using primary cultures of dispersed pituitary cells in static incubation, dose-dependent increases in GTH II release was observed in the activin-treated group at day 3 of incubation (long-term incubation), but not at day 1 of incubation (short-term incubation). Dopamine, a potent inhibitor of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated GTH II release in rainbow trout, was only partially effective in decreasing actvin-induced GTH II release. Furthermore, salmon GnRH (sGnRH)-stimulated GTH II release was not potentiated by the pretreatment with activin. However, the control mechanisms of GTH I release by activin and other hormones were not observed in the all tested experiments. The results of these studies support the contention that in contrast with the usual stimulatory effects of activin on GTH release in mammals, activin exerts long-term stimulatory actions on GTH II release in rainbow trout. The control mechanism of GTH I release, however, is a question that remains to be elucidated.

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Study of the Most Common Allergic Foods in Korea (국내 주요 알레르기 원인 식품에 대한 조사)

  • Son, Dae-Yeul;Yoon, Kwang-Ro;Lee, Sang-Il
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.885-888
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    • 2002
  • Prevalence of food allergic disease was examined by identifying the most common foods implicated in allergic reactions in Korea. Patients were subjected to test determining the amount of specific IgE antibody in serum against food allergens by CAP system. A total 9054 CAP analyses on egg white, egg yolk, cow milk, ${\alpha}-lactalbumin,\;{\beta}-lactoglobulin$, casein, wheat, rice, buckwheat, soybean, peach, crab, shrimp, pork, beef, chicken, tuna, salmon, mackerel, and food mix were undertaken. The results were considered to be positive when CAP value was same and/or greater than +2 (0.7 U/mL). Positive results of CAP analyses were 11.3% (1022/9054 cases), consisting of 336 on egg white, 266 on cow milk, 95 on egg yolk, 76 on soybean, 69 on ${\alpha}-lactalbumin$, 61 on casein, 58 on ${\beta}-lactoglobulin$, 39 on buckwheat, 12 on wheat, 3 on beef, 2 on crab, and 1 on rice, shrimp, pork, chicken or mackerel, and 0 on peach, tuna or food mix. Egg, cow milk, soybean, buckwheat, and wheat were identified as the most common allergic foods in Korea, showing an average of two different food sources for allergy per patient.

Reduction of Plasma Triglycerides and Cholesterol in High Fat Diet-Induced Hyper-Lipidemic Mice by n-3 Fatty Acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) Seed Oil (오메가-3 지방산 함유 복분자종자유에 의한 고지방식이 유도 고지혈증 마우스의 혈중 중성지방 및 콜레스테롤 감소 효과)

  • Jeon, Hyelin;Oh, Su-Jin;Nam, Hyun Soo;Song, Yoon Seok;Choi, Kyung-Chul
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.7
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    • pp.961-969
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    • 2015
  • To investigate the effect of n-3 fatty acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) seed oil (BSO), we examined improvement of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in vivo. Five-week-old ICR mice were divided into five groups of six mice each; Control, high fat diet (HFD) control (negative control), salmon oil control (positive control, HFD+commercial n-3 fatty acid), and BSO experimental groups (HFD+1 g/60 kg BW/d, HFD+2 g/60 kg BW/d). After 4 weeks of BSO treatment, we measured serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The levels of low-density lipoprotein/very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and total cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed BSO at 2 g/60 kg BW/d compared to the negative control. Levels of triglycerides, which are similar to cholesterol, were also significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the same group. To investigate further, we tested blood coagulation parameters. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were not significantly different among the five groups according to BSO. However, the 2 g/60 kg BW/d BSO group treated with PT and aPTT showed a tendency to live longer than the negative control. Taken together, BSO might improve blood homeostasis mediated via hypo-lipidemic and anti-coagulation activities.

Toxicity of Disinfectants in Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, Black Rockfish Sebastes pachycephalus and Black Sea Bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii (시판 소독제의 넙치 Paralichthys olivaceus, 조피볼락 Sebastes pachycephalus, 감성돔 Acanthopagrus schlegelii에 대한 독성)

  • Park, Kyung-Hee;Kim, Seok-Ryel;Kang, So-Young;Jung, Sung-Ju;Oh, Myung-Joo
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.7-12
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    • 2008
  • Toxicity of ten commercial disinfectants(hydrogen peroxide, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, povidon iodine, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds(QAC), didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride(DDAC), ortho-dichlorobenzene, and copper sulfate) was measured by chinook salmon embryo-214 cell line and three fish species: flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, black rockfish Sebastes pachycephalus, and black sea bream Acanthopagrus schlegelii. The $LC_{50}$ levels of 24 hours acute toxicity with the ten disinfectants were tested in three species of fish. Effectiveness of ten chemical disinfectants were varied by each chemical as well as by species. Hydrogen peroxide showed the higest activity at 201, 269, and 139 ppm in the flounder, the black rockfish, and black sea bream, respectively. DDAC showed the lowest activity at 2.1, 1.0, and 1.5 ppm in the flounder, the black rockfish, and black sea bream, respectively. The highest variation was observed in copper sulfate by both the chemicals and the species.

Development of Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Mackerel in Processed Foods (가공식품 중 고등어의 검출을 위한 ELISA의 개발)

  • Shon, Dong-Hwa;Kim, Mi-Hye
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.44 no.1
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2012
  • There have been few studies related to ELISA for mackerel. In this study we developed a sandwich ELISA for mackerel in processed foods using rabbit polyclonal antibodies against mackerel parvalbumin, the major allergen of mackerel and heat-stable protein. The parvalbumin was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-50 column chromatography. From the standard ELISA curves, the detection limit of parvalbumin was 3 ng/mL and the detection range of mackerel was 5-5,000 ${mu}g/mL$. We further investigated the cross-reactivity of the antibodies toward mackerel, mackerel pike, salmon, flatfish, armorclad rockfish, cod fish, squid, shrimp, blue crab, and lobster. The antibodies were specific for mackerel only. The mean assay recoveries in cooked cream soup, baby food, sausage, and sauce spiked with 0.01 to 0.3% mackerel were 104, 101, 54, and 0%, respectively. In sample tests of 16 commercial items, the qualitative coincidence ratio of assay result and indication was 75%.

Signal Transduction of Eel Luteinizing Hormone Receptor (eelLHR) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptor (eelFSHR) by Recombinant Equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (rec-eCG) and Native eCG

  • Byambaragchaa, Munkhzaya;Lee, So-Yun;Kim, Dae-Jung;Kang, Myung-Hwa;Min, Kwan-Sik
    • Development and Reproduction
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.55-64
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    • 2018
  • Previous studies showed that recombinant equine chorionic gonadotropin ($rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$) exhibits both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-like activities in rat LHR- and FSHR-expressing cells. In this study, we analyzed signal transduction by eelFSHR and eelLHR upon stimulation with $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ and native eCG. The cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) stimulation in CHO-K1 cells expressing eelLHR was determined upon exposure to different doses (0-1,450 ng/mL) of $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ and native eCG. The $EC_{50$ values of $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ and native eCG were 172.4 and 786.6 ng/mL, respectively. The activity of $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ was higher than that of native eCG. However, signal transduction in the CHO PathHunter Parental cells expressing eelFSHR was not enhanced by stimulation with both agonist $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ and native eCG. We concluded that $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ and native eCG were completely active in cells expressing eelLHR, similar to the activity in the mammalian cells expressing LHRs. However, $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ and native eCG did not invoke any signaling response in the cells expressing eelFSHR. These results suggest that eCG has a potent activity in cells expressing eelLHR. Thus, we also suggest that $rec-eCG{\beta}/{\alpha}$ can induce eel maturation by administering gonadotropic reagents (LH), such as salmon pituitary extract.

First Report of Pink Rot of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica in Korea (Phytophthora erythroseptica에 의한 감자 홍색부패병 발생)

  • Ryu, Kyoung-Yul;Kim, Jeom-Soon;Kim, Jong-Tae;Hahm, Young-Il
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.32-35
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    • 2003
  • Pink rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) occurred at Pyeongchang in Gangwon and at Bosung in Junnam province since 1999. The disease incidence in the surveyed areas was about 5% of harvested potatoes in 2002. Affected tubers showed a dull brown appearance and the lenticels and eyes on tubers turned dark brown. The cut surface of the diseased tuber colored faint pink and the entire surface of the diseased tuber becomes deep salmon pink within 30 min. The pathogen isolated from the diseased tubers was identified as Phytophthora erythroseptica based on morphological and cultural characteristics. Mycelial mat was fairly fluffy, rosette or stellate patterns and rounded or angular hyphal swellings were farmed in water, Temperature for mycelial growth was ranged from 5 to 3$0^{\circ}C$ and optimal temperature was $25^{\circ}C$. Non-papillate sporangia were persistent on stalk and ellipsoid, ovoid, obpyriform or distorted in shape, often with a constriction distal in the middle. Size of sporangia was 41.3~69.6$\times$26.8~47.4 (av, 55.5$\times$37.1) ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. Sexuality of Phytophthora erythroseptica was homothallic. Oogonia were 30~46 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter and oospores were 28~35 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in diameter, Elongated or cyclindrical antheridia were all amphigynous. This is the first report on potato pink rot caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica in Korea.

Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in Listeria Monocytogenes Isolated from Food (식품에서 분리된 리스테리아 모노사이토젠스의 분포 및 항생제 내성)

  • Jeong, Hyo-Won;Park, Sang-Hun;Lee, Jib-Ho;Kim, Soo-Jin;Ryu, Seung-Hee;Song, Mi-Ok;Park, Sun-Hee;Jo, Jeong-Yun;Park, Geon-Yong;Choi, Sung-Min
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.29 no.1
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    • pp.26-30
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    • 2014
  • Listeria monocytogenes continues to be a important food safety concern. The aims of the present study were to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of L. monocytogenes. A total of 1,042 samples was collected from 2010 to 2011 in Seoul and twelve L. monocytogenes were isolated. Isolation rate was Gimbap (0.8%), Beef (yukhoe) (2.6%), Pork (cooked) (5.9%), Fish(cooked) (6.3%), and Salmon (11.1%), respectively. In this study, most of the isolates were susceptible to antibiotics. The most common resistance was cefotetan on 11 isolates, followed by cefotaxime on 7 isolates, cepefime on 6 isolates and tetracyclin on 3 isolates.