• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.148-162
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• 2017

As a step towards discovering novel pathogenesis-related proteins, we performed a genome scale computational identification and characterization of secreted and transmembrane (TM) proteins, which are mainly responsible for bacteria-host interactions and interactions with other bacteria, in the genomes of six representative Burkholderia species. The species comprised plant pathogens (B. glumae BGR1, B. gladioli BSR3), human pathogens (B. pseudomallei K96243, B. cepacia LO6), and plant-growth promoting endophytes (Burkholderia sp. KJ006, B. phytofirmans PsJN). The proportions of putative classically secreted proteins (CSPs) and TM proteins among the species were relatively high, up to approximately 20%. Lower proportions of putative type 3 non-classically secreted proteins (T3NCSPs) (~10%) and unclassified non-classically secreted proteins (NCSPs) (~5%) were observed. The numbers of TM proteins among the three clusters (plant pathogens, human pathogens, and endophytes) were different, while the distribution of these proteins according to the number of TM domains was conserved in which TM proteins possessing 1, 2, 4, or 12 TM domains were the dominant groups in all species. In addition, we observed conservation in the protein size distribution of the secreted protein groups among the species. There were species-specific differences in the functional characteristics of these proteins in the various groups of CSPs, T3NCSPs, and unclassified NCSPs. Furthermore, we assigned the complete sets of the conserved and unique NCSP candidates of the collected Burkholderia species using sequence similarity searching. This study could provide new insights into the relationship among plant-pathogenic, humanpathogenic, and endophytic bacteria.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2009

The blue-green algae which caused odor problem in the tap water are difficult to precipitate in sedimentation basin and clogged the filter void rapidly. The studies of this paper were not only oxidation, coagulation and sedimentation processes for effectively removing blue-green algae but yellow clay and polyamine for verification as coagulants aids. The results of this research are summarized as follows: Higher ozone dose(C) and longer contact time(T) were needed for a high degree of removing blue-green algae efficiency. the removal rate of blue-green algae was proportional to the $C\times T$ value. The removal percent of chlorophyll-a by sedimentation and filter without pre-ozonation was about 75% but 1 mg/L pre-ozonation could increase the removal percent of chlorophyll-a to 99% and more pre-ozonation could remove completely. Though the removal efficiency of turbidity could increased by high dose of chlorination, the dissolved organic carbon was increased. More chlorine dose from 4 to 10 mg/L dissolved organic carbon was decreased. Using yellow clay as coagulant aids increased density of floc so the settling velocity of floc become rising but polyamine could not increase settling velocity of floc though it could formated large floc.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.477-485
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• 2002

In this paper, we present an efficient hardware architecture for the H.263 video codec and its VLSI implementation. This architecture is based on the unified interface by which internal hardware engines and an internal RISC processor are connected one another. The unified interface enables the modular design of internal blocks, efficient hardware/software partitioning, and pipelined paralled operations. The developed VLSI supports the H.263 version 2 profile 3 @ level 10, and moreover, both the control protocol H.245 and the multiplexing protocol H.223. Therefore, it can be used for the complete ITU-T H.324 or 3GPP 3G 324M multimedia processor with the help of an external audio codec. Simultaneous encoding and decoding of QCIF format images at a rate greater than 15 frames per second is achieved at 40 MHz clock frequency.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1986

In order to observe the infestation rate and intensity of C. sinensis in Yeoju Eup, Kyung-gi Do, 9,512 stool specimens were collected from the inhabitants through student's helps. The specimens were examined by cellophane thick smear technique and Stoll's egg dilution technique. The epidemiological status was analysed statistically by the regession equation and catalytic curve with the results obtained from this area. The results are as follows: 1) Collection rate oft he stool samples was 66.5%, 9.512 out of 14,300 inhabintants complied with our survey. 2) The infestation rate of C.sinensis was 5.0%, and for male 7.8%, for female 2.3%. 3) Average E.P.G. by Stoll's egg dilution technique in this area was 1,572, and for male 1,853, for female 676. 4) The degree of the intensity of C. sinensis infection by E.P.G. count was distributed as 65.2% in light infection, 32.0 % in moderate infection, 2.8% in heavy infection and none in very heavy infection. 5) The intensity of endemicity in this area was represented with the regression equation calculated with cumulative percentages of E.P.G. counts. Regression equation was y=3.887+1.695 log x and Cs. $D_{50}$ was 4.54. 6) The two-stage catalytic model was applied and the calculation lead to the equation $y=0.267(e^{-0.004t}-e^{-0.019t})$; a=0.004 < b=0.019. 7) Other helminthic infection rate in this area was 1.4% in A.lumbricoides 2.7% in T. trichiura, 1.6% in M. yokogawai md 0.2% in Taenia sp. respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1998

The hydrolysis rate of insecticidal buprofezin(IUPAC : tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5-phenylperhydro-1,3,5-thiadiazin-4-one) in the range of pH 2.0 and 12.0 have been examined in 15%(v/v) aqueous dioxane at $45^{\circ}C$. The hydrolysis mechanism of buprofezin is proposed from the pH-effect, solvent effect(${\ell}{\gg}m$), thermodynamic parameter(${\Delta}H^{\neq}$=11.12 $Kcal{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ &, ${\Delta}S^{\neq}=5.0e.u.$), rate equation and hydrolysis product, l-isopropyl-3-phenyl urea. General acid catalyzed hydrolysis and specific acid catalyzed($k_{H3O+}$) hydrolysis through $A-S_{E}2$ and A-2(or $A_{AC}2$) reaction mechanism with orbital-control reaction proceed below pH 8.0 and above pH 9.0, the nucleophilic addition-elimination, $Ad_{N}-E$ mechanism via tetrahedral($sp^{3}$) intermediate is initiation by general base catalyzed($k_{H2O}$) reaction. Buprofezin was more stable in alkaline ($k=10^{-8}sec.^{-1}$) than acid solutions from the sigmoid pH-rate profile. And the half-life($t=\frac{1}{2}$) of hydrolysis reaction in neutral aqueous solution(pH 7.0) at $45^{\circ}C$ was about 3 months.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.320-327
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• 2011

Purpose: To determine the effect of changing practice guidelines designed to avoid hyperoxia or hypoxia in very low birth weight or very preterm infants. Methods: We analyzed a database of <1,500 g birth weight or <32 weeks of gestation infants who were born and admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Chungnam National University Hospital from January 2007 to July 2010. First, we defined the relationship between arterial partial pressure of oxygen ($PaO_2$) and pulse oxygen saturation ($SpO_2$). When we evaluated 96 pairs of $PaO_2$ and $SpO_2$ measurements, oxygen saturation was 90-94% at a $PaO_2$ of 43-79 mmHg on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, according to pulse oximetry. Based on this observation, a change in practice was instituted in August 2008 with the objective of avoiding hypoxia and hyperoxia in preterm infants with targeting a $SpO_2$ 90-94% (period II). Before the change in practice, high alarms for $SpO_2$ were set at 100% and low alarms at 95% (period I). Results: Sixty-eight infants the met enrollment criteria and 38 (56%) were born during period II, after the change in $SpO_2$ targets. Demographic characteristics, except gender, were similar between the infants born in both periods. After correcting for the effect of confounding factors, the rates for mortality, severe retinopathy of prematurity, and IVH attended to be lower than those for infants in period II. No difference in the rate of patent ductus arteriosus needed to treat was observed. Conclusion: A change in the practice guidelines aimed at avoiding low oxygen saturation and hyperoxia did not increase neonatal complication rates and showed promising results, suggesting decreased mortality and improvements in short term morbidity. It is still unclear what range of oxygen saturation is appropriate for very preterm infants but the more careful saturation targeting guideline should be considered to prevent hypoxemic events and hyperoxia.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.229-235
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• 2004

A study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary supplementation of multiple probiotics (EM) on growth performance, blood cholesterol, intestinal micro flora, and fecal gas emission in broiler chicks. A total of 450 one day old male broiler chicks (Ross $\times$ Ross) were divided into six treatments with five replications in each treatment for five weeks. Treatments were factorially designed with two levels of diet containing probiotics (DW; 0, $0.2\%$) and three levels of drinking water containing probiotics (DW; 0, 0.01, $0.1\%$). Basal diets contained $21.5\%$ CP and 3,100 kcal/kg ME for starting and $19\%$ CP and 3,100 kcal/kg ME for finishing period. Weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversions of birds fed with probiotics were not significantly different between Ds. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower (P<0.05) in birds fed with DW $0.01\%$ or $0.1\%$ compared with no probiotics group, but there was no significant difference between D treatments. The number of E. coli, Salmonella and Lactobacillus in the ileum and cecum of the birds fed multiple probiotics were not significantly different from those of no probiotic groups. There were no significant differences in the $CO_2$ gas emissions of fecal between birds fed with Ds or among birds fed with DW. However, $NH_3$ gas emissions of DW $0.1\%$ were significantly lower (P<0.05) than DW $0\%$. In the results of this study, supplementation of probiotics tended to decrease the serum cholesterol and triglyceride compared to those of control groups and reduction of fecal $NH_3$ gas emission.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.6025-6030
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• 2013

Background: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is an enzyme with proteolytic activity against matrix proteins, particularly basement membrane constituents. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at -1306, which disrupts a Sp1-type promoter site (CCACC box), results in strikingly lower promoter activity with the T allele. In the present study, we investigated whether this MMP-2 genetic polymorphism might be associated with susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Saudi population. We also analyzed MMP-2 gene expression level sin CRC patients and 4 different cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: TaqMan allele discrimination assays and DNA sequencing techniques were used to investigate the $C^{-1306}T$ SNP in the MMP-2 gene of Saudi colorectal cancer patients and controls. The MMP-2 gene expression level was also determined in 12 colon cancer tissue samples collected from unrelated patients and histologically normal tissues distant from tumor margins. Results and Conclusions: The MMP-2 $C^{-1306}T$ SNP in the promoter region was associated with CRC in our Saudi population and the MMP-2 gene expression level was found to be 10 times higher in CRC patients. The MMP-2 $C^{-1306}T$ SNP is significantly associated with CRC in the Saudi population and this finding suggested that MMP-2 variants might help predict CRC progression risk among Saudis. We propose that analysis of this gene polymorphism could assist in identification of patient subgroups at risk of a poor disease outcome.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.275-285
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• 2003

The now video coding standard H.264 employs variable block size motion compensation, multiple references, and quarter-pel motion vector accuracy. These techniques are key features to accomplish higher coding gain, however, at the same time main factors that increase overall computational complexity. Therefore, in order to apply H.264 to many applications, key techniques are requested to improve their speed. For this reason, we propose a fast motion estimation which is suited for variable block size motion communication. In addition, we propose a fast mode decision method to choose the best mode at early stage. Experimental results show the reduction of the number of SAT SATD calculations by a factor of 4.5 and 2.6 times respectively, when we compare the proposed fast motion estimation and the conventional MVFAS $T^{［8-10］}$. Besides, the number of RDcost computations is reduced by about 45%. Therefore, the proposed methods reduces significantly its computational complexity without noticeable coding loss.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.825-831
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the nutritive value of some legume species in salt-affected soils of South-East Anatolian region using chemical composition and in vitro gas production kinetics. In this study, Lotus corniculatus, Trifolium alexandrinum, Medicago sativa were sown and tested in four different locations. A 3 by 4 factorial design with 3 legume species and 4 salt levels (non salty electrical conductivity (EC)<4 dS/m; low salt: 4 dS/m>EC<8 dS/m, medium saline: 8 dS/m>EC<16 dS/m and high salt: 16 dS/m>EC) was used in the study. Results indicated that salinity and plants had no significant effect on ash and ether extract. Dry matter (DM), acid detergent fiber, digestible dry matter, dry matter intake (DMI) were affected by plant, salinity and plant${\times}$salinity interaction. On the other hand neutral detergent fiber, relative feed value (RFV), and DMI were affected by salinity and plant${\times}$salinity interaction. Mineral contents were affected by plant species, salinity and salinity${\times}$plants interactions. In vitro gas production, their kinetics and estimated parameters such as were not affected by salinity whereas the gas production up to 48 h, organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy (ME), and net energy lactation ($NE_L$) were affected by plant and plant${\times}$salt interaction. Generally RFVs of all species ranged from 120 to 210 and were quite satisfactory in salty conditions. Current results show that the feed value of Medicago sativa is higher compared to Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium alexandrinum.