• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.817-823
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the optimal extraction conditions for maca by comparing the yields, total polyphenol contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and the nitrite scavenging ability. The proximate composition analysis showed 6.57% moisture, 12.83% crude protein, 1.05% crude fat, 4.80% ash and 74.75% carbohydrate. Maca was extracted with 7 different solvents (water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane) and the extracts were tested for biological activities. The extraction yields of water, methanol and ethanol extracts were 46.2%, 21.4% and 16.8%, respectively. Acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane exhibited very low extraction yield, ranging from 0.2 to 1.0%. Total polyphenol contents and the nitrite scavenging ability were the highest in water extract. Electron donating ability and the SOD-like activity were the highest in methanol extract. When water extract was drawn out at different extraction temperatures (30, 70, $100^{\circ}C$) and time (1, 3, 5 hr), the improved biological activities (total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability, SOD-like activity and nitrite scavenging ability) were found in extracts treated at $100^{\circ}C$ for 3 or 5 hrs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.389-394
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• 2007

The study was carried out to optimize the electron donating ability (EDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, nitrite scavenging ability, and the inhibitory activities of xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase of Ailanthus altissima ethanol extracts from roots, stems and leaves. The EDA of the roots and stem extracts were 64.04% and 63.27% at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The SOD-like activity of the leaves extract was the highest (50.00%) at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. The nitrite scavenging ability of the leaves extracts was over 98% at pH 1.2 and 3.0. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory rates of the extracts were $93.62%{\sim}95.40%$ and the tyrosinase inhibitory rate of the roots was the highest (62.01%) at the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. These results indicated that the roots extract showed the highest EDA and tyrosinase inhibition, while the leaves extract had tile highest SOD-like activity and nitrate scavenging ability.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.185-191
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• 2015

This research was carried out to determine the differences of physiological activites between Grifola frondosa of log cultivation(LC) and Grifola frondosa of bottle cultivation(BC). Total flavonoids content, total phenolics content, electron donating ability(EDA), nitrite-scavenging ability(NSA), SOD-like activity and inhibitory effect of Xanthine oxidase were examined. The highest value of total flavonoid content is $5.96{\pm}0.81mg/g$ in water extract from Grifola frondosa of log cultivation at $40^{\circ}C$ (LC-W40) but, one of total phenolics compound is $44.53{\pm}0.89mg/g$ in water extract from Grifola frondosa of bottle cultivation at $40^{\circ}{\cdots}$ (BC-W40). The EDA using DPPH of BC-W40 extract showed the highest value of $97.14{\pm}0.71%$. Nitrite-scavenging ability was $62.55^{\circ}{\ae}0.36%$ in extract from Grifola frondosa of BC-W40 at pH 1.2. The value was SOD-like activity showed the highest value of $18.95^{\circ}{\ae}1.39%$ in extract from LC-W40. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was the highest value of $54.31{\pm}0.40%$ in extract from Grifola frondosa BC-W40, and dependent on concentrations. These results showed that a the antioxidant effects of Grifola frondosa is excellent. However, physiological activities of Grifola frondosa were not depend on caltivation method regulary, and were different according to kind of solvents, concentraitions and physialogical factors examined such as EDA, SOD-like activity and NSA.

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.787-792
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• 2011

We investigated whether silk fibroin peptide derived from the silkworm, Bombyx mori, could inhibit inflammation and enhance the anti-inflammatory activity of Tat-superoxide dismutase (Tat-SOD), which was previously reported to effectively penetrate various cells and tissues and exert anti-oxidative activity in a mouse model of inflammation. Inflammation was induced by topical treatment of mouse ears with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Histological, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction data demonstrated that silk fibroin peptide or Tat-SOD alone could suppress elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin-6, interleukin-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced by TPA. Moreover, silk fibroin peptide significantly enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of Tat-SOD, although it had no influence on in vitro and in vivo transduction of Tat-SOD. Silk fibroin peptide exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a mice model of inflammation. Therefore, silk fibroin peptide alone or in combination with Tat-SOD might be used as a therapeutic agent for various inflammatory diseases.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.133-138
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• 2008

This study investigated the antioxidant activities of extracts from Angelica dahurica roots after microwave-assisted extraction with different levels of energy (120, 240W) and extraction time (5, 10, 15 and 30 min). The highest extraction yield was 11.77 mg% in water at 240W for 30 min followed by 11.42 mg% in water at 120Wand 30 min. The highest total polyphenol contents was 32.36 mg/g in an ethanol extract, followed by 31.77mg/g in water extract at the same conditions of 240W, 30 min. The electron donating abilities both the ethanol extract obtained using 240W and 30 min and the water extract obtained employing 120W and 5min showed the highest values, 83.55% and 82.49% respectively at a concentration 1.0mg/mL. The highest superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was 14.16% in ethanol extract at 120Wand 15min, followed by 13.22% in the water extract at 120W and 5 min. The best extraction yield and polyphenol content after microwave-assisted extraction were achieved with 240W and 30 min using water. The best condition for extraction of electron donating ability and SOD-like activity from A dahurica roots were 120W and 5 minutes using water.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.349-356
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• 2002

In order to observe the bioactivity of ovariectomized rats, nonovariertoized (sham) group, ovariectomized (Ovx) group, ovariectomized ginseng total saponin (GTS)-treated (Ovx+ GTS) group and ovariectomized ginseng water extract (GW)-treated (Ovx+CW) group were made. We measured AST (L-aspartate aminotransferase) and ALT (L-alanin aminotransferase) in sera, and MDA (malondialdehyde:lipid peroxidation), SOD (superoxide dismutase), catalase, total-glutathione (GSH + GSSG) and GPx (glutathione peroxidase) in liver tissue total homogenates of rat. AST activity of serum in Ovx group was 2.11 times increased, but ALT activity was not changed compared to Sham group. In AST activity, they tend to decrease significantly in each substance such as GTS and GW administered group. Lipidperoxides of each fraction in Ovx group were highly increased compared to Sham group. Extracts of ginseng-treated group markedly inhibited lipid peroxidation by 62% ∼72%. And as the result of the measurements of SOD, catalase, total-glutathione and GPx which are antioxidant enzyme, antioxidant enzymes in Ovx group much lower than in Sham group. But they were significantly increased in each substance such as GTS and GW, administered group. Based on the results, it is supposed that more produced free radicals decreased antioxidant enzyme. And it is also thought that extracts of ginseng can inhibit aging by reducing antioxidant enzyme.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2016

A balance between production and degradation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Increased levels of ROS during oxidative stress are associated with disease conditions. Antioxidant enzymes, such as extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), in the extracellular matrix (ECM) neutralize the toxicity of superoxide. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of EC-SOD in protecting the brain, lungs, and other tissues from oxidative stress. Therefore, EC-SOD would be an excellent therapeutic drug for treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress. We cloned both the full length (residues 1-240) and truncated (residues 19-240) forms of human EC-SOD (hEC-SOD) into the donor plasmid pFastBacHTb. After transposition, the bacmid was transfected into the Sf9-baculovirus expression system and the expressed hEC-SOD purified using FLAG-tag. Western blot analysis revealed that hEC-SOD is present both as a monomer (33 kDa) and a dimer (66 kDa), as detected by the FLAG antibody. A water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assay showed that both full length and truncated hEC-SOD proteins were enzymatically active. We showed that a potent superoxide dismutase inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), inhibits hEC-SOD activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1095-1100
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• 2008

Antioxidative and macrophage phagocytic activities and contents of functional component in selected Korean chestnuts (Dantaek, Daebo, Okkwang, Seokchu, Byunggo) were evaluated. Coumarin, gallic acid and catechin in inner skin and whole kernel of selected Korean chestnuts were detected by HPLC. The predominant functional components in inner skin of chestnut were catechin, followed by gallic acid and coumarin. However, the whole kernel had only gallic acid. Thus, the antioxidant properties of gallic acid and catechin were evaluated through DPPH radical-scavenging activity and SOD like activity. Gallic acid and catechin at 6.0 mg/100 g exhibited 69.4% and 38.3% of scavenging activities on DPPH radical, respectively. DPPH radical-scavenging activity of gallic acid increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Gallic acid was found to possess higher DPPH radical-scavenging activity than equivalent amount of catechin at all concentrations, whereas catechin was found to have higher SOD like activity than gallic acid. In addition, pre-incubation of macrophage with white kernel extract from Byunggo resulted in a significant increase of phagocytic activity and yellow kernel extracts from Byunggo, Dantaek, Daebo and Okkwang, leading to an increase in phagocytic activity compared with untreated cells. Yellow kernel extracts was found to have higher phagocytic activity than white kernel extracts. Byunggo had the highest phagocytic activity. The results suggest that the Korean chestnut may provide a natural source of antioxidants and active immunity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 2005

This study was conducted to compare the physiological and biochemical responses of P. orientalis and L. tulipifera in response to ozone. One-year-old seedlings of P. orientalis and L. tulipifera were exposed to 100 ppb ozone concentration for 2, 4, or 8 hr/day for 1 week. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and ozone uptake rate were measured daily, and chlorophyll fluorescence, carboxylation efficiency, chlorophyll content, and SOD activity were measured after 1 week. In P. orientalis, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were not decreased in the 2h/day ozone treatment, but the L. tulipifera response was more sensitive even in the 2h/day ozone treatment. Increased treatment time decreased photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. Chlorophyll fluorescence was not significantly different among treatment times. However, carboxylation efficiency decreased with increased treatment time, and L. tulipifera was more sensitive than P. orientalis. Chlorophyll content did not differ with species or treatment time. SOD activity response was greater in L. tulipifera than in P. orientalis, increasing to $131\%$ of pretreatment observations. Therefore it was concluded that L. tulipifera was more responsive and had lower ozone tolerance than P. orientalis.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.103-111
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the antioxidant effects of the extract of Rubi Fructus on TM4 Sertoli cells. Methods : The extract was studied for diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and cell viability assays on Sertoli cells. In addition, hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress on Sertoli cells were examined by MTT assay. The antioxidant enzyme of Cu/Zn SOD, Mn SOD, catalase protein expression on Sertoli cells were also measured. Results : The results showed that the extract scavenged DPPH radical dose-dependent manner. The extract showed no cytotoxicity at concentration of 1, 5, 10, 50, $100{\mu}g/ml$. The hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity of Sertoli cells was protected to 88.3% by the extract at concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$. Cu/Zn SOD and Mn SOD protein expression were significantly increased on Sertoli cells, but catalase protein expression was not significantly changed. Conclusions : In conclusion, the extract of Rubi Fructus has antioxidant effects on Sertoli cells and protect male reproductive system against oxidative stress.