• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.2329-2332
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• 2007

Salsolinol, endogenous neurotoxin, is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we have investigated the oxidative damage of DNA induced by the reaction of salsolinol with Cu,Zn-SOD. When plasmid DNA incubated with salsolinol and Cu,Zn-SOD, DNA cleavage was proportional to the concentrations of salsolinol and Cu,Zn-SOD. The salsolinol/Cu,Zn-SOD system-mediated DNA cleavage was significantly inhibited by radical scavengers such as mannitol, ethanol and thiourea. These results indicated that free radicals might participate in DNA cleavage by the salsolinol/Cu,Zn-SOD system. Spectrophotometric study using a thiobarbituric acid showed that hydroxyl radical formation was proportional to the concentration of salsolinol and was inhibited by radical scavengers. These results indicated that hydroxyl radical generated in the reaction of salsolinol with Cu,Zn-SOD was implicated in the DNA cleavage. Catalase and copper chelators inhibited DNA cleavage and the production of hydroxyl radicals. These results suggest that DNA cleavage is mediated in the reaction of salsolinol with Cu,Zn-SOD via the generation of hydroxyl radical by a combination of the oxidation reaction of salsolinol and Fenton-like reaction of free copper ions released from oxidatively damaged SOD.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.821-824
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in tuberculous pleural effusions (TPEs) and malignant pleural effusions (MPEs). Pleural effusion (PE) samples from 100 patients were classified on the basis of diagnosis as TPE (n=57) and MPE (n=43). The activity of SOD was determined by pyrolgallol assay. A significant difference was observed in SOD activity (P<0.01) between TPE and MPE, levels of being significantly higher in TPE compared to MPE. With a threshold value of 41 U/L, the area under the ROC curve was 0.653, SOD had a sensitivity of 61.4% and a specificity of 61.0% for differential diagnosis. Thus, SOD activity in PE was not a good biomarker in differentiating TPE and MPE. To the best of our knowledge, five SOD isoforms may be present in PE. Identification of which SOD contributes to the difference of SOD level between TPE and MPE is very important for illustrating mechanisms and improving the differential diagnostic value.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.10
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• pp.301-308
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of physical fitness, MDA, SOD after short-term weight reduction through exercise, food restriction and exhalation of sweat among Taekwondo players. The subjects ten male collage Taekwondo players with excellent practical skills, and more than seven years of experiences. They were asked to reduce about 5% of their body weight in seven days. Physical fitness levels were analyzed through grip strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, power, agility, balance, reaction time and MDA and SOD through blood test. The results of this study were as follows; First, there was no significant change in physical fitness due to short-term weight reduction in muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, power, agility, balance and reaction time. Second, The change of MDA and SOD, resulting from short-term weight reduction did not show significant difference statistically. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that the Taekwondo players' short-term weight reduction of 5% of their body weight did not influence on their athletic performance and physiological capacity. Therefore athletes and coaches should endeavor to take exercise, dietary, and dehydration into consideration when conducting 5% of their body weight reduction in a week.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 1992

This study was prepared to observe the change of enzyme activities in kidney treated with red ginseng extract in the gamma ray irradiated mice. Determine the activity of SOD, peroxidase, catalase in the kidney a period of 1 day, 2 day, 3 day, 4 day, 5 day after a saline injection or injection of red ginseng extract or gamma ray irradiatied group into four classify. The activity SOD and catalase showed a tendency to increase and recovery at the early state but pay no regard. Wherease, the activity of peroxide restored and increased pay regard. A physiological saline injection group after gamma ray irradiation showed a tendency to diminish after remakable increase of activity of SOD, peroxidase and catalase than control group. Injection group of red ginseng extract after gamma ray irradiation observed rapid recovery on activity of SOD, peroxidase, catalase than a saline injection group. Experimental result suggested that injection of red ginseng extract after irradiation have the recovery effect on the changed of activity of SOD, peroxidase and catalase against radiation injury.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.242-249
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• 2016

A balance between production and degradation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Increased levels of ROS during oxidative stress are associated with disease conditions. Antioxidant enzymes, such as extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), in the extracellular matrix (ECM) neutralize the toxicity of superoxide. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of EC-SOD in protecting the brain, lungs, and other tissues from oxidative stress. Therefore, EC-SOD would be an excellent therapeutic drug for treatment of diseases caused by oxidative stress. We cloned both the full length (residues 1-240) and truncated (residues 19-240) forms of human EC-SOD (hEC-SOD) into the donor plasmid pFastBacHTb. After transposition, the bacmid was transfected into the Sf9-baculovirus expression system and the expressed hEC-SOD purified using FLAG-tag. Western blot analysis revealed that hEC-SOD is present both as a monomer (33 kDa) and a dimer (66 kDa), as detected by the FLAG antibody. A water-soluble tetrazolium (WST-1) assay showed that both full length and truncated hEC-SOD proteins were enzymatically active. We showed that a potent superoxide dismutase inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC), inhibits hEC-SOD activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.70-79
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• 2014

In an attempt to develop a variety of expression vector systems for Corynebacterium glutamicum, six types of promoters, including $P_{tac}$, $P_{sod}$, $P_{sod}$ with a conserved Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence from C. glutamicum, $P_{ilvC}$, $P_{ilvC}$ with a conserved SD-1 ($P_{ilvC-M1}$), and $P_{ilvC}$ with a conserved SD-2 ($P_{ilvC-M2}$), were cloned into a modified shuttle vector, pCXM48. According to analysis of promoter strength by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, $P_{sod}$ and $P_{sod-M}$ were superior to tac and ilvC promoters in terms of transcription activity in C. glutamicum. All of the promoters have promoter activities in Escherichia coli, and $P_{sod-M}$ displayed the highest level of transcriptional activity. The protein expression in constructed vectors was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and SDS-PAGE. C. glutamicum harboring plasmids showed GFP fluorescence with an order of activity of $P_{ilvC}$ > $P_{ilvC-M1}$ > $P_{sod}$ > $P_{ilvC-M2}$ > $P_{sod-M}$, whereas all plasmids except pCSP30 with $P_{sod}$ displayed fluorescence activities in E. coli. Of them, the strongest level of GFP was observed in E. coli with $P_{sod-M}$, and this seems to be due to the introduction of the conserved SD sequence in the translational initiation region. These results demonstrate that the expression vectors work well in both C. glutamicum and E. coli for the expression of target proteins. In addition, the vector systems harboring various promoters with different strengths, conserved SD sequences, and multiple cloning sites will provide a comfortable method for cloning and gene expression, and consequently contribute to the metabolic engineering of C. glutamicum.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2009

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is a medical problem occurring as damage to the myocardium following blood flow restoration after a critical period of coronary occlusion. Oxygen free radicals (OFR) are implicated in reperfusion injury after myocardial ischemia. The antioxidant enzyme, Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD, also called SOD1) is one of the major means by which cells counteract the deleterious effects of OFR after ischemia. Recently, we reported that a PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein was efficiently delivered into cultured cells and isolated rat hearts with ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of the PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein after ischemic insult. Immunofluorescecnce analysis revealed that the expressed and purified PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein injected into rat tail veins was efficiently transduced into the myocardium with its native protein structure intact. When injected into Sprague-Dawley rat tail veins, the PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein significantly attenuated myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage; characterized by improving cardiac function of the left ventricle, decreasing infarct size, reducing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), decreasing the release of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and relieving cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These results suggest that the biologically active intact forms of PEP-1-SOD1 fusion protein will provide an efficient strategy for therapeutic delivery in various diseases related to SOD1 or to OFR.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 1998

To develop the fruits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) producing high yields of superoxide dismutase (SOD), the MnSOD cDNA from pea (Pisum sativum) under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was introduced into cucumber using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (strain LBA 4404)-mediated transformation. The kanamycin-resistant shoots were selected on the selection medium containing MS basal salt, 1.0 mg/L zeatin, 0.1 mg/L IAA, 300 mg/L claforan, and 100 mg/L kanamycin. After 6 weeks of culture on the selection medium, the shoots were transferred to MS medium containing 0.2 mg/L NAA to induce roots. PCR analysis using the primers for neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) gene revealed that three plantlets were transformed. The fruits of one transgenic plant had approximately 3.2-fold higher SOD activity than those of non-transgenic plants. MnSOD isoenzyme band was strongly detected on native gel in fruits of transgenic plants.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.878-895
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• 1999

Ischemic preconditioing (IPC), i.e., a preliminary brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion, has been shown to reduce the cell damage induced by long ischemia and reperfusion. Superoxide radical which is produced during reperfusion after ischemia was recognized as a factor of the ischemic injury and it is dismutated into $H_2O_2$ and $O_2$ by two types of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu,Zn-SOD in cytoplasm and Mn-SOD in mitochondria. Recently oxygen free radicals are suggested to induce the apoptosis, however mechanism of the reduced apoptosis by ischemic preconditioing was unknown, while many studies performed in mammalian heart indicated that ATP-sensitive $K^+$ ($K_{APT}$) channel activation related with the protective effects. The aim of present study is to investigate 1) whether IP upregulate the Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities, and 2) whether ischemic preconditioning decreases apoptosis via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused skeletal muscle after long ishemia. The experimental animals, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250~300g, were divided into 8 groups; 1) control group, 2) ischemic preconditioning only groups, 3) pinacidil, a $K_{APT}$ channel opener, treatment only groups, 4) glibenclamide, a $K_{APT}$ channel blocker, treatment only groups, 5) ischemia groups, 6) ischemia after IPC groups, 7) ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups, and 8) IP and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups. Animals of the control group were administered with the vehicle (DMSO) alone. Pinacidil (1mg/kg) was administered intravenously 5 minutes after initiation of ischemia, and glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) was injected intravenously 20 minutes before IPC. In rats that were ischemic preconditioned, the left common iliac artery was occluded for 5 minutes followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion by three times using vascular clamp. Ischemia was done by occlusion of the same artery for 4 hours. The specimens of left rectus femoris muscle were obtained immediately (0 hour), 12 hours, 24 hours after drug administrations, IP or ischemia and reperfusion. The immunoreactivities of SOD and its alterations were observed by use of sheep antihuman Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD antibodies on the $10{\mu}m$ cryosections. The incidencies of apoptosis were observed by TUNEL methods with in situ apoptosis detection kit on $6{\mu}m$ paraffine section. The results obtained were as follows : 1. After IPC, immunoreactivities of Cu,Zn-SOD mainly in the small-sized fibers were increased by 24 hours, that of Mn-SOD at 0 hour and 24 hours. 2. No significant changes in immunoreactivities of SOD was observed in the pinacidil and in the glibenclamide treatment only groups, and in the ischemia only groups. 3. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD were increased in the ischemia after IPC groups and the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 4. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD in the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups were not increased except for the 12 hours reperfusion group. But, Mn-SOD immunoreactivities were increased in the 0 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. 5. In the control group, the IPC only groups, and the pinacidil treatment only groups, negative or trace apoptotic reactions were observed, but the positive apoptotic reaction occured in the glibenclamide treatment groups. 6. Moderate or many number of apoptosis were revealed in the ischemia groups, and also the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment group except for 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the incidence of apoptosis was decreased in the ischemia after IPC groups and in the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 7. There is a coincidence between the increase of Cu,Zn-SOD immunoreactivities and the decrease of apoptosis in the presence of ischemia and reperfusion. These results suggest that the protective effects of ishemic preconditioing may related to the SOD activation, and the ischemic preconditioning decreases the apoptosis partially via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused rat skeletal muscle. It is also suggested that inhibition of apoptosis by IPC may related with the SOD activation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.573-580
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• 2008

This study was aimed to investigate that training of horses is related with the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) in erythrocyte of racing horses. The SOD activity was assayed from erythrocyte of six Thoroubred horses having final stage of training, about 21 month-old, 474~509 kg body weight for race trainig. During 7 weeks of training period from 24th Sep. to 6th Nov, horses were bled very carefully 4 times at 1st Oct, 16th Oct, 30th Oct. and 6th Nov. As the training period passed, erythrocyte of the horses have gradually increased the MnSOD activity(p<0.05) and lowered the CuZnSOD activity. The plasma ceruloplasmin and peroxidase activities, and lactate levels were reduced gradually while peroxide and glucose levels gradually increased. The calculated oxygen consumption(Eaton, 1995) for training of horses were linearly related with the MnSOD activity(r=0.650, n=32) but negatively with CuZnSOD activity in erythrocyte and lactate levels(r=－349, n=32) in plasma. Also, peroxide levels in plasma of horses had positive relation with the MnSOD activity in erythrocyte(r=0.616, n=48). In conclusions, as the training is progressed, the raised MnSOD activity in erythrocytes and peroxide levels in plasma indicated balances between oxidant and antioxidants for the protection from ROS during race of horses. The results showed that the MnSOD activity in erythrocyte and peroxide levels in plasma may be used as marker for the intensity of training racing horses.