• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.273-279
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• 2012

Busulfan is an antineoplastic agent with a narrow therapeutic window. A post-hoc population pharmacokinetic analysis of a prospective randomized trial for comparison of four-times daily versus once-daily intravenous busulfan was carried out to search for predictive factors of intravenous busulfan (iBu) pharmacokinetics (PK). In this study the population PK of iBu was characterized to provide suitable dosing recommendations. Patients were randomized to receive iBu, either as 0.8 mg/kg every 6 h or 3.2 mg/kg daily over 4 days prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In total, 295 busulfan concentrations were analyzed with NONMEM. Actual body weight and sex were significant covariates affecting the PK of iBu. Sixty patients were included in the study (all Korean; 23 women, 37 men; mean [SD] age, 36.5 [10.9] years; weight, 66.5 [11.3] kg). Population estimates for a typical patient weighing 65 kg were: clearance (CL) 7.6 l/h and volume of distribution (Vd) 32.2 l for men and 29.1 L for women. Inter-individual random variabilities of CL and $V_d$ were 16% and 9%. Based on a CL estimate from the final PK model, a simple dosage scheme to achieve the target $AUC_{0-inf}$ (defined as median AUC0-inf with a once-daily dosage) of 26.18 $mg/l{\cdot}hr$, was proposed: $24.79{\cdot}ABW^{0.5}mg$ q24h, where ABW represents the actual body weight in kilograms. The dosing scheme reduced the unexplained interindividual variabilities of CL and Vd of iBu with ABW being a significant covariate affecting clearance of iBU. We propose a new simple dosing scheme for iBu based only on ABW.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.155-161
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• 2017

A gene coding for the xylanase predicted from the partial genomic sequence of Paenibacillus woosongensis was cloned by PCR amplification and sequenced completely. This xylanase gene, designated xyn11B, consisted of 1,071 nucleotides encoding a polypeptide of 356 amino acid residues. Based on the deduced amino acid sequence, Xyn11B was identified to be a modular enzyme, including a single carbohydrate-binding module besides the catalytic domain, and was highly homologous to xylanases belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 11. The SignalP4.1 server predicted a stretch of 26 residues in the N-terminus to be the signal peptide. Using DEAE-Sepharose and Phenyl-Sepharose column chromatography, Xyn11B was partially purified from the cell-free extract of recombinant Escherichia coli carrying a copy of the P. woosongensis xyn11B gene. The partially purified Xyn11B protein showed maximal activity at $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.5. The enzyme was more active on arabinoxylan than on oat spelt xylan and birchwood xylan, whereas it did not exhibit activity towards carboxymethylcellulose, mannan, and para-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-xylopyranoside. The activity of Xyn11B was slightly increased by $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$, but was significantly inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$, $Ni^{2+}$, $Fe^{3+}$, and $Mn^{2+}$, and completely inhibited by SDS.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.102-110
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• 2018

A bacterial strain capable of metabolizing myo-inositol (MI) and converting to other substances was isolated from soil of orchard. The isolate, named YB-46, was grown on minimal medium supplemented with MI as the sole carbon source and was presumed to belonging to genus Enterobacter according to the 16S rDNA sequence. Escherichia coli transformant converting MI into unknown metabolites was selected from a metagenomic library prepared with fosmid pCC1FOS vector. Plasmid was isolated from the transformant, and the inserted gene was partially sequenced. From the nucleotide sequence, an iolG gene was identified to encode myo-inositol dehydrogenase (IolG) consisting of 336 amino residues. The IolG showed amino acid sequence similarity of about 50% with IolG of Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus subtilis. The His-tagged IolG (HtIolG) fused with hexahistidine at C-terminus was produced and purified from cell extract of recombinant E. coli. The purified HtIolG showed maximal activity at $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 10.5 with the highest activity for MI and D-glucose, and more than 90% of maximal activity for D-chiro-inositol, D-mannitol and D-xylose. $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values of the HtIolG for MI were 1.83 mM and $0.724{\mu}mol/min/mg$ under the optimal reaction condition, respectively. The activity of HtIolG was increased 1.7 folds by $Zn^{2+}$, but was significantly inhibited by $Co^{2+}$ and SDS.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2011

For the strain improvement of the industrial polyploid yeast strain through hybridization and protoplast fusion, a dominant selection marker other than a recessive marker such as the auxotrophic marker was required for the selection of the resulting hybrids. In the present investigation, the aureobasidin A resistant gene was tested in relation to whether it can be used as the dominant selectable marker for the isolation of hybrids of the yeast Saccharomyces. The plasmid pAUR112, carrying the gene responsible for resistance to aureobasidin A, was introduced into the haploid yeast strain K114/YIp. From the rare-mating between polyploid C6 and haploid K114/YIp carrying pAUR112, many hybrids were obtained from the agar medium containing 0.5 ${\mu}g$/ml of aureobasidin A. The hybrids exhibited characteristics derived from both of the parental strains; and the cell sizes of the hybrids were larger than those of the parental strains. These results showed that the aureobasidin A resistant gene could be successfully used as the dominant selectable marker for the isolation of yeast hybrids resulting from rare-mating.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.663-666
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• 2015

In this research, botanical extracts containing green tea, Saururus chinensis and Prunus padus were tested to see possibility as shampoo. Leaves of Green tea and Saururus chinensis were extracted with hot water. Prunus padus bark extract was applied reverse osmosis and ultrasonic extraction. When interfacial tension was measured among shampoo including botanical extracts, Sodium dodecylsulfate(SDS) and Quillaja Bark Saponin(QBS), that of shampoo was lower than that of SDS and QBS at lower concentration, however, it showed similar interfacial tension at 100% concentration. Shampoo showed moderate antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Botanical extract did not indicate cell toxicity up to $350{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in MTT assay. Shampoo containing botanical extract was stable for 3 months, however, it showed considerable variation in pH and viscosity. In conclusion, shampoo containing botanical extract shows strong possibility for natural shampoo if the formulation is modified.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.242-256
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• 2007

1. Objectives Purpose of this study is to prove anti-aging and anti-oxidative effects of Gongjinhugwon-dan decoction. 2. Methods The SD rats used in this experiment were 6, 18, and 36 weeks old. Each age group was again divided into three groups. These nine groups consisted of 8 rats each. One group was given no treatment, another group was dosed $200{\mu}l$ of normal saline daily, and the last group was dosed $200{\mu}l$ of 1 % Gongjinhugwon-dan and saline mixture. At the conclusion of the experiment, the age groups were relabelled accordingly (10 weeks, 22 weeks, and 40 weeks). After 4 weeks, change of weight and liver markers were measured. Serum LDL cholesterol, total bilirubin, albumin, glucose, GOT and GPT levels were observed in order to check the hematological modification. Also, each organ tissue was biopsied in order to measure the SOD activity and the glutathione content change. 3. Results & Conclusions Aging did not cause any significant change in GOT and LDH, but GPT and albumin levels showed increase after GHD intake. Serum GPT was lower in the experimental group. Serum total bilirubin of the 40 w GHD group was significantly increased. The populations of dendritic cells in the spleens of the GHD groups were significantly increased. The levels of GSH in the liver of the 40 w GHD group and in the kidney of 22w-GSD were significantly increased in comparison with those of the normal groups. The degenerative change of brain tissue was decreased in the 40 w GHD group compared with those of the 40w normal group and the 40 w saline group. These results suggest that anti-oxidative GSH concentration of liver and kidney in rats treated with GHD showed significant increase in the 40 w GHD group. GHD was effective on increasing anti-oxidative substance in liver and dendritic cells in spleen, thus helping immune system and preventing cell mutation and degenerative change of brain tissues. Further studies and clinical investigation with GHD is needed.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.334-340
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Opuntia ficus-indica complex (OF) on blood glucose, glucose tolerance, plasma insulin level and histopathological appearance of pancreatic islets in streptozotoxin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty-two male Sprague-Daweley rats were divided into non-diabetic control (NC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic OF of 2% (OF-2) and diabetic OF of 5% (OF-5) and fed experimental diets for 3 weeks. Compared to the DC group fasting blood glucose levels in the OF-2 and OF-5 groups were significantly (p<0.05) reduced while fasting plasma insulin level in the OF-2 and OF-5 groups were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Glucose tolerance in the OF-2 and OF-5 groups were improved. Histopathological observation of pancreatic islets of the OF-2 and OF-5 groups showed hyperplasia which was very similar to NC. Numbers of ${\beta}$-cells in OF-2 ($47.81{\pm}0.92$) and OF-5 ($81.64{\pm}2.80$) were higher than numbers of ${\beta}$-cells in DC ($13.18{\pm}1.01$). These results imply that the intake of OF improves ${\beta}$-cell proliferation and prevents the death of ${\beta}$-cells in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.12
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• pp.39-47
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• 2010

This paper proposes a fully-utilized block-based 2D DWT architecture, which consists of four 1D DWT filters with two-channel QMF PR Lattice structure. For 100% hardware utilization, we propose a new method which processes four input values at the same time. On the contrary to the image-based 2D DWT which requires large memories, we propose a block-based 2D DWT so that we only need 2MN-3N of storages, where M and N stand for filter lengths and width of the image respectively. Furthermore, the proposed architecture processes in horizontal and vertical directions simultaneously so that it computes the DWT for an $N{\times}N$ image within a period of $N^2(1-2^{-2J})/3$. Compared to existing approaches, the proposed architecture shows 100% of hardware utilization and high throughput rate. However, the proposed architecture may suffer from the long critical path delay due to the cascaded lattices in 1D DWT filters. This problem can be mitigated by applying the pipeline technique with maximum four level. The proposed architecture has been designed with VerilogHDL and synthesized using DongbuAnam $0.18{\mu}m$ standard cell.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2007

This paper presented an adaptive pipeline architecture for a high-performance and low-power asynchronous processor. The proposed pipeline architecture employed a stage-skipping and a stage-combining scheme. The stage-skipping scheme can skip the operation of a bubble stage that is not used pipeline stage in an instruction execution. In the stage-combining scheme, two consecutive stages can be joined to form one stage if the latter stage is empty. The proposed pipeline architecture could reduce the processing time and power consumption. The proposed architecture supports multi-processing in the EX stage that executes parallel 4 instructions. We designed an asynchronous microprocessor to estimate the efficiency of the proposed pipeline architecture that was synthesized to a gate level design using a $0.35-{\mu}m$ CMOS standard cell library. We evaluated the performance of the target processor using SPEC2000 benchmark programs. The proposed architecture showed about 2.3 times higher speed than the asynchronous counterpart, AMULET3i. As a result, the proposed pipeline schemes and architecture can be used for asynchronous high-speed processor design

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2009

In this paper, a small area 12-bit 300MSPS CMOS Digital-to-Analog Converter(DAC) is proposed for display systems. The architecture of the DAC is based on a current steering 6+6 segmented type, which reduces non-linearity error and other secondary effects. In order to improve the linearity and glitch noise, an analog current cell using monitoring bias circuit is designed. For the purpose of reducing chip area and power dissipation, furthermore, a noble self-clocked switching logic is proposed. To verify the performance, it is fabricated with $0.13{\mu}m$ thick-gate 1-poly 6-metal N-well Samsung CMOS technology. The effective chip area is $0.26mm^2$ ($510{\mu}m{\times}510{\mu}m$) with 100mW power consumption. The measured INL (Integrated Non Linearity) and DNL (Differential Non Linearity) are within ${\pm}3LSB$ and ${\pm}1LSB$, respectively. The measured SFDR is about 70dB, when the input frequency is 15MHz at 300MHz clock frequency.