• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 2007

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) is a well-known and effective power management technique. While there has been research on slack distribution, voltage allocation and other aspects of DVS, its effects on non-voltage-scalable devices has hardly been considered. A DC-DC converter plays an important role in voltage generation and regulation in most embedded systems, and is an essential component in DVS-enabled systems that scale supply voltage dynamically. We introduce a power consumption model of DC-DC converters and analyze the energy consumption of the system including the DC-DC converter. We propose an energy-optimal off-line DVS scheduling algorithm for systems with DC-DC converters, and show experimentally that our algorithm outperforms existing DVS algorithms in terms of energy consumption.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.70-75
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• 1998

Tumor growth and metastasis depends on angiogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent mitogen for vascular endothelial cells in vitro and promotes neoangiogenesis in vivo. Objective: Follicular thyroid cancers(FTC) are a vascular tumor and traditionally metastasize via blood vessels. Likely other cancers, angiogenesis may playa important role in FTC. We, therefore, investigated the expression of VEGF and microvascular density by immunohistochemistry in FTC and follicular adenoma(FA). Materials and Methods: Findings of immunohistochemical stainings for VEGF and CD31 were measured by grading scale from +1 to 4+(strongest) and by counting the stained microvessels in 14 FTCs and 14 FAs. Results: 1) Expression of VEGF. a) FTCs have stronger expression than FAs in areas of tumor adjacent to capsule($mean{\pm}SD\:\;3.2{\pm}0.9\;vs\;2.0{\pm}0.9$, p<0.01) and in central area($2.3{\pm}0.7\;vs\;1.3{\pm}0.6$, p<0.01). b) The VEGF expression of capsular area in FTCs are higher than that of central area(p<0.05). 2) Microvascular density by CD31. a) FTCs have more microvessels than FAs in areas of adjacent to capsule($78.9{\pm}27.3\;vs\;38.7{\pm}15.6$, p<0.01) and in central area($75.5{\pm}23.3\;vs\;27.8{\pm}10.7$, p<0.01). b) In FTCs, the number of microvessels of capsular area are more than that of central tumor area, but not significant statistically(p>0.05). Conclusion: The higher expression of VEGF and microvascular density in FTC suggests angiogenesis plays an important role in progression of FTC.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2000

The dielectric relaxation of high-dielectric capacitors could be understood as a dynamic property of the capacitor in the time domain, which is regarded as a primarily important charge loss mechanism during the refresh time of DRAMs. Therefore, the equivalent circuit of the dielectric relaxation of the high-dielectric capacitor is essentially required to investigate its effects on DRAM. Nevertheless, There is not any theoretical method which is generally applied to realize the equivalent circuit of the dielectric relaxation. Recently, we have developed a novel procedure for the circuit modeling of the dielectric relaxation of high-dielectric capacitor utilizing the frequency domain. This procedure is a general method based on theoretical approach. We have also verified the feasibility of this procedure through experimental process. Finally, we successfully investigated the effect of dielectric relaxation on DRAM operation with the obtained equivalent circuit through this new method.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• 제47권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 2010

In this paper, we directly compare the program efficiency of conventional channel hot electron (CHE) injection methods and a novel hot electron injection methods using substrate forward biases in our silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) cell. Compared with conventional CHE injection methods, the proposed injection method showed improved program efficiency including faster program operation at lower bias voltages as well as localized trapping features for multi-bit operation with a threshold voltage difference of 1 V at between the forward and reverse read. This program method is expected to be useful and widely applied for future nano-scale multi-bit SONOS memories.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.3293-3298
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• 2013

Background: The study investigated the influence of culturally-based health beliefs on engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviour. Specifically, the study compared levels of engagement between Western and Chinese youth in Australia and assessed the extent to which culture-specific attributions about the causes of illness, and health beliefs, predict engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviour. Materials and Methods: Ninety-four Western and 95 Chinese (N=189; Mean Age=20.8 years, SD=3 years) young adults completed an online questionnaire. Predictor variables were cultural health beliefs measured by the Chinese Cultural Views on Health and Illness scale (CCVH, Liang et al., 2008), and illness attributions beliefs measured by the Cause of Illness Questionnaire (CIQ, Armstrong and Swartzman, 1999). Outcomes variables were levels of engagement in healthy lifestyle behaviour. Results: Results indicated that Chinese participants have a significantly lower exercising rate and healthy dietary habits compared to the Western sample. Moreover, Chinese participants were found to believe more strongly than Westerners that cancer was associated with factors measured by the Traditional-Chinese-Model (TCM). Finally, the observed relationship between cultural health beliefs and physical inactivity was mediated by attributions of illness, in particular to the supernatural subscale, with the Sobel Test showing a significant mediation (z=-2.63, p=0.004). Conclusions: Mainstream approaches to encourage healthy lifestyles are unlikely to be effective when educating Chinese youth. Instead, health promotion programs should attempt to address the illness attribution beliefs and educate Chinese youth about the role of diet and exercise in prevention of diseases such as cancer.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.259-271
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• 2000

This study was attempted to explore meaning in life and it's relationship to problematic life events, health status and depression among older people. 198samples of elderly were over the age 60 (mean age=70.06) conveniently selected in Seoul, Korea. The data were collected through questionaires by interview with subjects from April, 1, 1999 to May 30, 1999. The research instuments were the main framework in the experiment. They involved meaning fulfillment and problematic life events which were developed by Burbank (1988) and short form geriatric depression scale(Sheikh & Yesavage, 1986). The data were analysed by SAS Program. The results are followed; 1. 172 lists were given out and had objects that would bring meaning to one's life. They were categrized as wishing for offsprings' prosperity, their relation with their grand-children, marriage of their offspring, health of family members, strong family ties, caring for the family, relation with husband, health for self, religious activity, helping others, individual hobbies, needs for growth such as writing, education, relationships with friends and personal achievements. In the end, 50% of total list dealt with in the relationship with their family members. 2. The mean fulfillment of the subjects was 38.31(SD=13.58) with a range of 12-60. The degree fulfillment varied according to the subjects' characteristics such as age group(F=4.44, 0P=.0008), education status (F=6.44, P=.0001), economic status (F=10.27, P=.0001), marrital status (F=9.12, P=.0002) and religious background (F=3.68, P=.006). 3. According to the pearson correlation, analysis significant variables were found between meaning fulfillment and health(r=.47, P=.0001), depression and the number of problematic life events for a life time (r=.147, P=.04), the stress score of problamatic life events for the past one year and the stress score of problematic life events for a life time was r=.43, P=.002, meaning fulfillment and the stress score of problamatic life events r=-.26, P=.04, depression and meaning fulfillment r=-.70, P=.0001 and depression and health r=-.521, P=.0001. 4. According to multiful regression analysis, depression was found as a most predictable variable for health(F=12.51, P=.001).

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.90-103
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• 2003

Pain management is a major issue in caring of cancer patients. Because pain management cancer patient of does not control effectively, it is important to educate reporting pain and using analgesics for having cancer patient's concerns and anxiety. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of cancer pain management education on the pain and concerns of pain management in cancer patients. This study was a quasi-experimental as nonequivalent control pretest-post test design. The subjects of this study consisted of 50 (experimental group 25, control group 25) patients hospitalized in K university hospital in Busan. The data were collected from December 1, 2001 to April 12, 2002. The measurement tool for the concerns of pain management had used questionnaires interpretated by Kim(1999) developed by based Ward(1993) and pain nominal scale. The collected data were analyzed frequency, percentage, mean, SD, $X^2$-test, t-test, ANCOVA. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The 1st hypothesis : "The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in the score of pain" was not supported (p>0.05). 2. The 2nd hypothesis : "The experimental group which had received the cancer pain management education were lower than the control group in concerns of pain management" was supported (F=5.285, p<0.01). In conclusion, the cancer pain management education can know what was effective to decrease in the concerns of pain management in cancer patients. Therefore, Pain Management Education must be positively utilized in clinical situation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.38-42
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• 2008

Background and Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the perceptual and aerodynamic characteristics and the relation between vocal efficiency and the severity of strained voice. of adductor spasmodic dysphonia. Materials and Methods : 13 female patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia were examined and compared with 10 normal female control group. MPT, MFR, Psub, Sound Intensity, VE(vocal efficiency) were obtained using PAS(Phonatory Aerodynamic System). GRBA(S) scale was used for Perceptual evaluation. Results : Psub(subglottic pressure) of SD was significantly higher than normal group. MPT, MFR, Sound Intensity, VE were not significantly different between two groups. Correlation between VE and 'S'(strained) was not significant. Conclusion : The results of this study show that certain aerodynamic parameters(Psub) distinguish adductor spasmodic dysphonia from normal voice.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2002

Lab-scale experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of surface tension reduction on the extension of the influence zone and the VOC removal efficiency of ground water sparging. A glass column packed with coarse sand was used for VOC removal test at two different surface tensions. A glass column without porous media was also used fer control purpose prior to sand-packed column test. A quasi-two-dimensional glass box model, packed with a sand, was used fer sparging zone tests at different water surface tensions. Surface tension of the aquoues solution used in this study was controlled using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). For the glass, sand column experiments, total amount of air filled in the media increased as surface tension decreased. Toluene (used as VOC in this study) removal rate increased slightly with decreased surface tension f3r both free water column and sand-packed column. Air sparging zone extended up to 500% as the surface tension decreased. Combining the results from two different experiments, VOC removal efficiency is expected to increase significantly with surface tension reduction.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.116-127
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• 2006

Purpose: Assessment of mothers' neonatal perception is important in understanding early mothering experiences and in planning future care. The purpose of this study was to identify the differences of mothers' perception and caring-confidence between normal and high-risk newborn during the early postpartum period. The ultimate goal was to contribute to healthy mother-infant relationship and development of infants. Method: The data was collected for this study at one university hospital in Daejeon from May 13, 2005 to December 20, 2005. The subjects were 53 of mothers who had normal newborn and 46 of mothers who had high-risk newborn. The instrument was the 'Neonatal Perception Inventory' by revised Ja-Hyung, Lee (1986), and the 'Caring-Confidence Scale' by revised Hyun-Joo, Oh(2000). The data were statistically analyzed by using an SPSS program and include percentage, mean, SD, t-test. Result: There were significant differences in the perception of the newborn between the mothers of normal newborn and the mothers of high-risk newborn (p<.05). There were no significant differences in the perception pattern of the newborn between the mothers of normal newborn and the mothers of high-risk newborn. There were no significant differences in the caring-confidence between the mothers of normal newborn and the mothers of high-risk newborn. Conclusion: The nursing care in the nursery have needed to various interventions for normal and high-risk newborn mothers in order to improve the interaction and caring-confidence between mother and newborn.