• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.249-256
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• 1999

A total of 198 sera from stray cats was assayed against Toxoplasma gondii antigen by western blot. Out of 198 sera assayed, 26 sera (13.1％) showed typical blot patterns against T gondii. When spotted by ELISA absorbance and indirect latex agglutination lest (ILAT) titer, all 26 cases were distributed over the cut-off value of ELISA whereas 24 cases (92.3％) were in the positive range of 1:32 or higher and 2 cases in negative range by ILAT. Among western blot negative 172 sera, 162 cases were negative in both ILAT and ELISA while 10 cases were reactive falsely such that three cases were ILAT positive with 1:32 titer and 9 cases were ELISA positive (2 cases overlapped). These 10 cases reacted peculiarly without typical binding pattern in Western blot. Sandwich-ELISA was performed with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) of Tg563 (30 kDa, SAG 1), Tg505 (22 kDa, SAG2), Tg605 (43 kDa, SAG3), Tg556 (28 kDa, GRA2), Tg737 (32 kDa, GRA6). Tg695 (66 kDa, ROP2), Tg786 (42 kDa, ROP6), and Tg621 (32 kDa, anonymous but cytosolic) clone, respectively. All western blot-positive cases were in the positive range and negative cases in the negative range clearly. Among the 10 false reactive cases, 3 cases were in the positive range with one or more mAbs. All mAbs used in this study were confirmed to be specific to T. gondii infection as a standardized sandwich-ELISA to differentiate it from other pathogens.

• 한국철도학회논문집
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.447-453
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• 2012

본 논문은 경부 고속선과 같이 사전이도가 주어지는 기설 전차선로에서 전차선 장력만을 증가시켜 임시적인 속도 향상 도모하는 경우에 팬터그래프와 습동하는 전차선의 접촉 평면상의 기하학적 형상의 변화가 어떻게 될 것인가를 검토한 것이다. 검토를 위하여 우선 사전이도가 있는 경우에도 정확히 드로퍼 길이를 계산해 낼 수 있는 드로퍼 길이 계산 수식에 대하여 알아보았다. 다음으로 드로퍼 길이 계산 수식을 프로그램화한 전용계산 프로그램을 이용하여 경부고속선 전차선로의 49.5m 경간을 대상으로 전차선 장력을 20kN에서 23kN 및 25kN으로 증가시켰을 때 사전이도량의 변화를 계산하여보았다. 그리고 경부 2단계 구간 현장에서 실제 장력 증가 실험을 실시하여 사전이도량의 변화를 측정하였다. 측정 결과는 계산 값과 비교 검토를 수행하였으며, 결론적으로 전차선 장력을 증가시켜도 기하학적 형상의 변화는 미미하며 집전 성능에 별 영향이 없을 것임을 확인하였다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2012

Toxoplasmic encephalitis is caused by reactivation of bradyzoites to rapidly dividing tachyzoites of the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii in immunocompromised hosts. Diagnosis of this life-threatening disease is problematic, because it is difficult to discriminate between these 2 stages. Toxoplasma PCR assays using gDNA as a template have been unable to discriminate between an increase or decrease in SAG1 and BAG1 expression between the active tachyzoite stage and the latent bradyzoite stage. In the present study, real-time RT-PCR assay was used to detect the expression of bradyzoite (BAG1)- and tachyzoite-specific genes (SAG1) during bradyzoite/tachyzoite stage conversion in mice infected with T. gondii Tehran strain after dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DXM) administration. The conversion reaction was observed in the lungs and brain tissues of experimental mice, indicated by SAG1 expression at day 6 after DXM administration, and continued until day 14. Bradyzoites were also detected in both organs throughout the study; however, it decreased at day 14 significantly. It is suggested that during the reactivation period, bradyzoites not only escape from the cysts and reinvade neighboring cells as tachyzoites, but also converted to new bradyzoites. In summary, the real-time RT-PCR assay provided a reliable, fast, and quantitative way of detecting T. gondii reactivation in an animal model. Thus, this method may be useful for diagnosing stage conversion in clinical specimens of immunocompromised patients (HIV or transplant patients) for early identification of tachyzoite-bradyzoite stage conversion.

• ALGAE
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2012

$Arthrospira$ $platensis$ and $Arthrospira$ $maxima$ are species of cyanobacteria used in health foods, animal feed, food additives, and fine chemicals. This study conducted a comparison of the 16S rRNA gene and $cpcBA$-intergenic spacer ($cpcBA$-IGS) sequences in $Arthrospira$ strains from culture collections around the world. A cluster analysis divided the 10 $Arthrospira$ strains into two main genotypic clusters, designated I and II, where Group I contained $A.$ $platensis$ SAG 86.79, UTEX 2340, $A.$ $maxima$ KCTC AG30054, and SAG 49.88, while Group II contained $A.$ $platensis$ PCC 9108, NIES 39, NIES 46, and SAG 257.80. However, although $A.$ $platensis$ PCC 9223 belonged to Group II-2 based on its $cpcBA$-IGS sequence, this strain also belonged to Group I based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and $cpcBA$-IGS sequences showed no division between $A.$ $platensis$ and $A.$ $maxima$, plus the 16S rRNA gene and $cpcBA$-IGS sequence clusters did not indicate any well-defined geographical distribution, instead overlapping in a rather interesting way. Therefore, the current study supports some previous conclusions based on 16S rRNA gene and $cpcBA$-IGS sequences, which found that $Arthrospira$ taxa are monophyletic. However, when compared with 16S rRNA sequences, $cpcBA$-IGS sequences may be better suited to resolve close relationships and intraspecies variability.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2017

Strains of Toxoplasma gondii in Brazil are highly genetically diverse compared to strains from North America and Europe. Dogs are epidemiologically important because they act as sentinels for T. gondii infections in humans and are good indicators of environmental contamination. The aim of this study was to isolate and genetically characterize T. gondii strains from tissues of naturally infected Brazilian dogs. For this study, 21 blood samples were collected from dogs at the Zoonosis Control Centers of $Ilh{\acute{e}}us$ and Itabuna cities, Bahia, Brazil. The sera were examined for T. gondii antibodies using the indirect hemagglutination test. Brains and hearts of seropositive dogs were bioassayed in mice to isolate and characterize T. gondii parasites by PCR-RFLP using 10 genetic markers (SAG1, newSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, c22-8, c29-2, GRA6, PK1, APICO, and L358). However, T. gondii was isolated from only 4 (57.1%) dogs, designated TgDgBr6, 13, 17, and 21. All strains were virulent, causing clinical changes (rough hair coat, lethargy, and abdominal distention) and the death of all mice within 8-20 days after inoculation. Genetic analysis of these 4 T. gondii isolates revealed 4 distinct genotypes with different clonal lineage combinations (types I, II, and III) and 2 atypical alleles. Using PCR-RFLP with several markers, this study contributes to evaluations of the genetic diversity of strains circulating in Brazil.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2005

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites were isolated from an ocular patient in the Republic of Korea and maintained in the laboratory (designated KI-1). In the present study, its genotype was determined by analyzing dense granule antigen 6 (GRA6) gene and surface antigen 2 (SAG2) gene as typing markers. Digestion of the amplification products of GRA6 and of the 5' and 3' ends of SAG2, respectively, with Mse I, Sau3A I, and Hha I, revealed that KI-1 is included in the genotype I, which includes the worldwide virulent RH strain. In addition, when the whole sequences of the coding regions of SAG1, rhoptry antigen 1 (ROP1), and GRA8 genes of KI-1 were compared with those of RH, minor nucleotide polymorphisms and amino acid substitutions were identified. These results show that KI-1 is a new geographical strain of T. gondii that can be included in the genotype I.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.51-66
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• 2013

Korean is a wh-in-situ language where the wh-expression stays in situ with an obligatory Q-particle marking its interrogative scope. This paper briefly reviews some basic properties of the wh-question construction in Korean and shows how a typed feature structure grammar, HPSG (Pollard and Sag 1994, Sag et al. 2003), together with the notions of 'type hierarchy' and 'constructions', can provide a robust basis for parsing the wh-construction in the language. We show that this system induces robust syntactic structures as well as enriched semantic representations for real-time applications such as machine translation, which require deep processing of the phenomena concerned.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2006년도 제37회 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.460-461
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• 2006

Computer Loads can be found in all of modern society. The switching mode power supplies used in personal computers are major sources of harmonic currents. Harmonic currents can cause lots of harmonic problems such as disruption in computer performance. A series resonant filter is very effective in harmonic reduction for personal computer loads. Voltage sags are short duration reductions in rms voltage. The main causes of voltage sags are faults, motor starting, and transformer energizing. Personal computers are another example of devices sensitive to voltage sags. A serious voltage sag at the terminals way lead mis-operation of the equipment. This paper presents an in depth analysis to evaluate the effect of harmonics reduction based on the IEC 61000-3-2 and the effect of voltage sag using ITI curve by applying a series resonant filter for personal computer loads.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.366-371
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• 2009

The authors have published several technical reports on the deterioration of conductor due to forest fire in series so far. This is because even we have been experiencing hundreds of forest fires every year, no systematic research on conductor which is very vulnerable to fire have been fulfilled. This paper describes the sag-tension behavior of conductor under loading current normally when only partial area of a long conductor is exposed to fire. Temperatures of Overhead Conductor were different with measurement position. When the partial area of conductor was heated up to $500^{\circ}C$, 20 % of permanent tension loss was observed. This results in the increase of sag of 1.5 m when span is 300 m. The other results will be presented in the text.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제56권11호
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• pp.1947-1954
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• 2007

This paper describes the development of a high-performance single-phase line-interactive Dynamic voltage Restorer, which is composed of an H-bridge inverter and super-capacitors. The operational feasibility was verified through computer simulations with PSCAD/EMTDC software, and experimental works with 3kVA prototype. The developed system can compensates the input voltage sag and interruption within 2ms, in which the maximum allowable duration of voltage interruption is 1.5 seconds. It can be effectively used to compensate the voltage interruption in the sensitive load, such as computer, communication equipment, automation equipment, and medical equipment. The developed system has a simple structure to be easily implemented with commercially available components and to be highly reliable in operation.