• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.323-330
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• 2002

Various types of compounds were tested with the aspects of decomposition and formation of residue in a $CO_2$ or 7H$_2$+93$N_2$ atmosphere. The evaporation temperature range of each compound was determined from thermogravimetric curve. Decomposition of dicarbon amide, stearic acid, acrowax and zinc stearate was studied by thermogravimetry in $CO_2$ or in 7H$_2$+93$N_2$ atmosphere. All compounds were decomposed in $CO_2$ atmosphere at lower than 40$0^{\circ}C$, but the residue, ZnO remained for zinc stearate. ZnO did not decompose in $CO_2$ atmosphere up to 130$0^{\circ}C$, but reduced into Zn metal and disappeared in the temperature range of $600^{\circ}C$ to 120$0^{\circ}C$ in 7H$_2$+93$N_2$ atmosphere. The effect of residue, which trapped in closed pores of sintered pellet, on the thermal stability was studied using the resintering test at 1$700^{\circ}C$ in 7H$_2$+93$N_2$ atmosphere. In the case of oxidative sintered pellet with admixing zinc stearate, the cavity formation accompanied with a density drop after resintering is due to the pressure of the Zn gases trapped in the isolated pores.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2011

Analysis of load on major parts of the tractor power drive line is critical for efficient and optimum design of a tractor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate severeness of the tractor PTO driving axle during rotary tillage operation. First, S-N (stress vs. number of cycle) curve of a PTO driving gear was obtained through the fatigue life test using a PTO dynamometer. Second, PTO severeness was evaluated during rotary tillage operation. Torque measurement system was constructed with strain-gauge sensors to measure torque of a PTO axle, an I/O interface to acquire the sensor signals, and an embedded system to calculate severeness. The severeness of PTO was analyzed using measured torque data during rotary tillage. In the PTO gear life fatigue test, breakage time and bending stress of the gear were measured by tooth widths and torque change during the fatigue life test. The S-N curve showed a good linear relationship between bending stress and number of cycle (life) with a coefficient of determination of 0.97. For PTO severenss evaluation, rotary tillage operations were conducted at two PTO rotational speeds (level-1, level-2) under different paddy and upland field sites with different soil conditions. Results of averaged relative severeness for PTO level-1 and PTO level-2 were 1.96 and 3.34, respectively, at paddy field sites, and they were 1.36 and 2.51, respectively, at upland field sites. The results showed that the PTO driving axle experienced more severe load during rotary tillage at paddy fields than at upland sites, and relative severeness was greater at the higher PTO rotational speed under all of the soil conditions.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제42회 동계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.148-149
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• 2012

This paper reports doping of carbon atoms in GaN layer, which based on dimethylhydrazine (DMHy) and growth temperature. It is well known that dislocations can act as non-radiative recombination center in light emitting diode (LED). Recently, many researchers have tried to reduce the dislocation density by using various techniques such as lateral epitaxial overgrowth (LEO) [1] and patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) [2], and etc. However, LEO and PSS techniques require additional complicated steps to make masks or patterns on the substrate. Some reports also showed insertion of carbon doped layer may have good effect on crystal quality of GaN layer [3]. Here we report the growth of GaN epitaxial layer by inserting carbon doped GaN layer into GaN epitaxial layer. GaN:C layer growth was performed in metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) reactor, and DMHy was used as a carbon doping source. We elucidated the role of DMHy in various GaN:C growth temperature. When growth temperature of GaN decreases, the concentration of carbon increases. Hence, we also checked the carbon concentration with DMHy depending on growth temperature. Carbon concentration of conventional GaN is $1.15{\times}1016$. Carbon concentration can be achieved up to $4.68{\times}1,018$. GaN epilayer quality measured by XRD rocking curve get better with GaN:C layer insertion. FWHM of (002) was decreased from 245 arcsec to 234 arcsec and FWHM of (102) decreased from 338 arcsec to 302 arcsec. By comparing the quality of GaN:C layer inserted GaN with conventional GaN, we confirmed that GaN:C interlayer can block dislocations.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.433-444
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• 2019

Fatigue failure of a grid structure using bolt-sphere joints is liable to occur in a high-strength bolt due to the alternating and reciprocal actions of a suspension crane. In this study, variable amplitude fatigue tests were carried out on 20 40 Cr steel alloy M30 high-strength bolts using an MTS fatigue testing machine, and four cyclic stress amplitude loading patterns, Low-High, High-Low, Low-High-Low, and High-Low-High, were tested. The scanning electron microscope images of bolt fatigue failure due to variable amplitude stress were obtained, and the fractographic analysis of fatigue fractures was performed to investigate the fatigue failure mechanisms. Based on the available data from the constant amplitude fatigue tests, the variable amplitude fatigue life of an M30 high-strength bolt in a bolt-sphere joint was estimated using both Miner's rule and the Corten-Dolan model. Since both cumulative damage models gave similar predictions, Miner's rule is suggested for estimating the variable-amplitude fatigue life of M30 high-strength bolts in a grid structure with bolt-sphere joints; the S-N fatigue curve of the M30 high-strength bolts under variable amplitude loading was derived using equivalent stress amplitude as a design parameter.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.721-728
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• 2017

보통회주철(GC300)에 Cr, Mo, Cu 첨가제를 넣어 고급 회주철(HCI350)을 제작하고, 미세 조직과 기계적 물성치, 피로강도의 변화를 연구하였다. 주철을 환봉형과 평판형 주물로 제작하였으며, 이들을 절단 및 연마하여 나이탈 수용액으로 에칭한 후 미세조직의 면적비율을 측정하였다. 첨가물에 의해 편상 흑연결정(flake graphite)의 크기가 감소하고 고밀 펄라이트 함량이 증가하여 인장강도, 피로강도의 향상이 확인되었다. 피로시험 결과 획득한 피로수명 데이터를 바탕으로 최우추정법이 적용된 2모수 와이블 분포를 이용하여 확률-응력-수명 곡선을 산출하였다. 확률-응력-수명곡선 산출 결과 HCI350은 GC300에 비해 피로강도는 크게 개선되었고 수명데이터의 분산성은 낮아졌으나, 피로응력완화에 따른 피로수명의 증가가 크게 나타났다. 산출된 확률-응력-수명 곡선을 이용하여 요구수명 사이클 수에 대한 허용응력 값을 정량적으로 제시함으로써 신뢰성 수명설계에 위한 기초자료를 제시하였다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.541-549
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• 2008

피로해석은 반복하중 하에서의 항공우주 구조물에 대한 구조적 파괴를 예방하기 위해 수행된다. 본 논문에서는 틸트로터형 무인 항공기에 대하여 피로수명에 대한 평가를 하였다. 먼저 틸트로터형 무인항공기의 기동에 맞는 하중 스펙트럼을 생성해 내었으며, F.C.L. 부품중 하나인 플랩퍼론 연결부위에 대하여 피로해석을 수행 하였다. 틸트로터형 무인항공기는 크게 두 가지 기동 형태로 나눌 수 있는데, 이 착륙시의 헬리콥터 형태와 순항시의 고정익 형태가 되겠다. 전체적인 피로하중 스펙트럼을 만들기 위해서 헬리콥터 형태에는 FELIX를, 고정익 형태에서는 TWIST를 사용하였다. 한편으로는, S-N 실험점이 해석에 사용될 때 재료수명의 전 영역에 대한 S-N 회귀식을 얻기 위하여 크리깅 메타 모델이 사용되었다. 그리고 최소 자승법을 이용한 이차 회귀식에 대한 S-N 커브 역시 생성하였다. 더욱이 이 커브들이 갖고 있는 정확도를 측정하기 위하여 결정 계수법을 사용하였다. 마지막으로는 플랩퍼론 연결 부위에 대한 피로수명 결과를 MSC. Fatigue와 비교하였다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.395-403
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• 1977

액체이론(Significant Structure Theory)를 단원자 분자로부터 다원자 분자에 이르는 여러 액체혼합물에 적용하여 전 농도 범위에서 액체 혼합물의 활동도 계수를 계산했다. 단원자 분자계(Ar-Kr, Kr-Xe)와 이원자 분자계$(Ar-O_2,\;N_2-CO)$와 메탄-크립톤계의 액체혼합물의 활동도 계수는 ${\delta}E_s$ 수정 변수에 의해 좋은 결과를 얻었다. 아르곤-질소, 산소-질소, 그리고 메탄-프로판계에 대해서는 이 외에 ${\delta}$V, ${\delta}$n 수정 변수가 더 필요했다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.87-95
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• 1990

본 연구에서는 고온기기의 구조용 부재로 널리 사용되고 있는 304스테인리스 강을 선택하여 상온, $538^{\circ}C$($1000^{\circ}$ F) 및 $593^{\circ}C$($1100^{\circ}C$ F) 고온하의 작은 표면노치 시험편 에서 발생한 표면 피로 균열의 성장거동을 레플리카법에 의하여 상세히 관찰측정하여 파괴역학적으로 해석 연구하고자 한다. 즉 피로균열의 성장특성을 ....$\DELTA\sigma^{n}$a의 매 개변수를 도입하여 정량적으로 평가하고, 수명예측을 실시하여 그 유용성을 비교검토 하였다. 또한 피로균열의 성장에 관한 실험결과 자료들을 PC를 이용하여 전산하고 도식화함으로써 파괴역학적 설계에 유용한 기초적 자료를 제시하고자 하였다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.126-129
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• 2014

We report the crystallographic and magnetic properties of $Ni_{0.3}Fe_{0.7}Ga_2S_4$ by means of X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer, and a M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectroscopy. In particular, $Ni_{0.3}Fe_{0.7}Ga_2S_4$ was studied by M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer analysis for evidence of spin reorientation. The chalcogenide material $Ni_{0.3}Fe_{0.7}Ga_2S_4$ was fabricated by a direct reaction method. XRD analysis confirmed that $Ni_{0.3}Fe_{0.7}Ga_2S_4$ has a 2-dimension (2-D) triangular lattice structure, with space group P-3m1. The M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectra of $Ni_{0.3}Fe_{0.7}Ga_2S_4$ at spectra at various temperatures from 4.2 to 300 K showed that the spectrum at 4.2 K has a severely distorted 8-line shape, as spin liquid. Electric quadrupole splitting, $E_Q$ has anomalous two-points of temperature dependence of $E_Q$ curve as freezing temperature, $T_f=11K$, and N$\acute{e}$el temperature, $T_N=26K$. This suggests that there appears to be a slowly-fluctuating "spin gel" state between $T_f$ and $T_N$, caused by non-paramagnetic spin state below $T_N$. This comes from charge re-distribution due to spin-orientation above $T_f$, and $T_N$, due to the changing $E_Q$ at various temperatures. Isomer shift value ($0.7mm/s{\leq}{\delta}{\leq}0.9mm/s$) shows that the charge states are ferrous ($Fe^{2+}$), for all temperature range. The Debye temperature for the octahedral site was found to be ${\Theta}_D=260K$.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2024

Background: Visceral pleural invasion (VPI) is a poor prognostic factor that contributes to the upstaging of early lung cancers. However, the preoperative assessment of VPI presents challenges. This study was conducted to examine intraoperative pleural carcinoembryonic antigen (pCEA) level and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) as predictive markers of VPI in patients with clinical T1N0M0 lung adenocarcinoma. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of 613 patients who underwent intraoperative pCEA sampling and lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Of these, 390 individuals with clinical stage I adenocarcinoma and tumors ≤30 mm were included. Based on computed tomography findings, these patients were divided into pleural contact (n=186) and non-pleural contact (n=204) groups. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to analyze the association between pCEA and SUVmax in relation to VPI. Additionally, logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate risk factors for VPI in each group. Results: ROC curve analysis revealed that pCEA level greater than 2.565 ng/mL (area under the curve [AUC]=0.751) and SUVmax above 4.25 (AUC=0.801) were highly predictive of VPI in patients exhibiting pleural contact. Based on multivariable analysis, pCEA (odds ratio [OR], 3.00; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-7.87; p=0.026) and SUVmax (OR, 5.25; 95% CI, 1.90-14.50; p=0.001) were significant risk factors for VPI in the pleural contact group. Conclusion: In patients with clinical stage I lung adenocarcinoma exhibiting pleural contact, pCEA and SUVmax are potential predictive indicators of VPI. These markers may be helpful in planning for lung cancer surgery.