• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1985

Lodging damage of Sesame was different between growing condition and variety although same wind velocity. The result of lodging damages showed variation of leaves area. stem length, capsule numbers and yield in late-varieties but showed variation of capsule setting length, dry weight of leaves, main root length, ripening rate of grain in early-varieties. Specially late varieties showed decreasing character of significant coefficient in mono, and after-barley-cropping at lodging degree of 30 commonly.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 1988

To clarify the varietal differences of resistance to complete flooding, physiological characteristics in relation to flooding resistance in each growth stage of rice plants, the present study was carried out. The rate of survival after flooding at seeding stage of rice plants of the cultivar 'FR 13A' and Ind. X Jap. cultivars were 91.8% and 33.8% to 40%, respectively, while the Japonica varieties were completely dead. The tolerant varieties which has higher rate of survival showed the higher $O_2$ release, the higher catalase activity and lower peroxidase activity according to flooding treatment. Japonica type varieties showed the higher elongation of plant during flooding, lower recovery of flooding damage and the abrupt decrease of yield according to the increase of flooding periods in comparision to Ind. X Jap. crossed varieties when they were flooded at the active tillering stage. When rice plants were flooded at the booting stage, Ind. X Jap. crossed varieties had the higher photosynthesis, respiratory rate, root oxidizing power, ethylene evolution and lower yield reduction in comparision to japonica varieties.varieties.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.12S
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• pp.1187-1194
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• 2003

A BCl$_3$/Ne plasma chemistry was used to etch Ga-based (GaAs, AIGaAs, GaSb) and In-based (InGaP, InP, InAs and InGaAsP) compound semiconductors in a Planar Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) reactor. The addition of the Ne instead of Ar can minimize electrical and optical damage during dry etching of III-V semiconductors due to its light mass compared to that of Ar All of the materials exhibited a maximum etch rate at BCl$_3$ to Ne ratios of 0.25-0.5. Under all conditions, the Ga-based materials etched at significantly higher rates than the In-based materials, due to relatively high volatilities of their trichloride etch products (boiling point CaCl$_3$ : 201 $^{\circ}C$, AsCl$_3$ : 130 $^{\circ}C$, PCl$_3$: 76 $^{\circ}C$) compared to InCl$_3$ (boiling point : 600 $^{\circ}C$). We obtained low root-mean-square(RMS) roughness of the etched sulfate of both AIGaAs and GaAs, which is quite comparable to the unetched control samples. Excellent etch anisotropy ( > 85$^{\circ}$) of the GaAs and AIGaAs in our PICP BCl$_3$/Ne etching relies on some degree of sidewall passivation by redeposition of etch products and photoresist from the mask. However, the surfaces of In-based materials are somewhat degraded during the BCl$_3$/Ne etching due to the low volatility of InCl$_{x}$./.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.409-415
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• 2008

Moutan cortex, the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews (Paeoniaceae), has pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, analgesic and antioxidant activities. We investigated a methanol extract of Moutan cortex for neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity induced by amyloid ${\beta}$ protein ($A{\beta}$) (25-35) in cultured rat cortical neurons. Exposure of cultured cortical neurons to $10\;{\mu}M\;A{\beta}$ (25-35) for 24 h induced neuronal apoptotic death. Moutan cortex inhibited $10\;{\mu}M\;A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death at 30 and $50\;{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, which was measured by a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. Moutan cortex inhibited $10\;{\mu}M\;A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced elevation of intracellular calcium concentration ($[Ca^{2+}]_i$), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which were measured by fluorescent dyes. Moutan cortex also inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by $10\;{\mu}M\;A{\beta}$ (25-35), which was measured by HPLC. These results suggest that Moutan cortex prevents $A{\beta}$ (25-35)-induced neuronal cell damage by interfering with the increase of $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, and then inhibiting glutamate release and ROS generation. Moutan cortex may have a therapeutic role in preventing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.132-140
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• 2010

The very erosive cavitation is simulated by an inclined propeller dynamometer in the medium-size cavitation tunnel of MOERI. The inclined shaft for propeller makes strong cavitaion, which occurs around the root of a propeller blade. The cavitation begins at the leading edge of the propeller and contracted toward the trailing edge through the reentrant jet action. The cavity focused on the region near the trailing edge collapsed over the blade surface. As the impact pressure by the cavitation collapsing is too strong, it can damage the blade surface in the form of pit. This cavitation impacts created by the collapsing process are similar to the full-scale ones and are different from those by other erosion test methods. The newly developed cavitation erosion test method can be applied to evaluate the materials such as metals, ceramics and coatings in terms of cavitation resistance.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.24 no.4 s.65
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• pp.179-182
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• 1986

The white grubs were collected from ginseng field and fallow lands to examine their external morphology and species components. They were divided into 3 subfamilies, i.e., Melolonthinae, Rutellinae, and Sericinae by the shape of anal slit and/or presence of elevated lines in stridulating area of mandible. Eight species were identified by means of comparing the shape of anal slit, setal arrangement of decasternite, and frontoepicranial series of setae. Larvae of Holotrichia diomphalia and H. morosa were observed to damage ginseng root in field.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.39
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• pp.29.1-29.5
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• 2017

Background: The surgical extraction of the third molar is the most frequently encountered procedure in oral and maxillofacial surgery and is related with a variety of complications. This study examined the efficacy of intentional partial odontectomy (IPO) in the third molars which have no periapical lesions and are located near important anatomical structures such as inferior alveolar nerve. Methods: Seven patients (four males, three females, $39.1{\pm}11.6years$), who received IPO to reduce the risk of inferior alveolar nerve injury (IANI), were followed long-term. The treated teeth were horizontally impacted third molars in the mandibular left (n = 5) or mandibular right (n = 4) areas and were all ankylosed with the surrounding alveolar bone. During the IPO, the bone around the crown was removed to expose the crown, and then the tooth was resected at cement-enamel junction (CEJ). Any secondary trauma to the healthy root was minimized and remained intact after primary suture. Results: The mean follow-up time was $63.2{\pm}29.8months$, and all sites showed good bone healing after the crown removal. Also, sensory abnormality was not found in any patients after IPO. In one patient, the bone fragments erupted 4 months after IPO. In other patient, an implant placed on second molar site adjacent to the third molar that received IPO was explanted about 2 years after the patient's persistent discomfort. Conclusions: In case where high risk of IANI exists, IPO may be chosen alternatively to surgical extraction to reduce the risk of nerve damage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.104-120
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• 1980

The effects of temperature on transpiration, chlorophyll content, frequency and aperture of stomata, and leaf temperature of Panax ginseng were reviewed. Temperature changes of soil and air under spade roof were also reviewed. Growth responses of responses of ginseng plant at various temperature were assessed in relation to suseptibillity of ginseng plants. Reasonable management of ginseng fields was suggested based on the response of ginseng to various temperatures. Stomata frequency may be increased under high temperature during leaf$.$growing stage. Stomata aperture increased by high temperature but the increase of both frequency and aperture appears not enough for transpiration to overcome high temperature encountered during summer in most fields. Serial high temperature disorder, i.e high leaf temperature, chlorophyll loss, inhibition of photosynthesis, increased respiration and wilting might be alleviated by high humidity and abundant water supply to leaf. High air temperature which limits light transmission rate inside the shade roof, induces high soil temperature(optimum soil temperature 16∼18$^{\circ}C$) and both(especially the latter) are the principal factors to increase alternaria blight, anthracnose, early leaf fall, root rot and high missing rate of plant resulting in poor yield. High temperature disorder was lessen by abundant soil water(optimum 17∼21%) and could be decreased by lowering the content of availability of phosphorus and nitrogen in soil consequently resulting in less activity of microorganisms. Repeated plowing of fields during preparation seems to be effective for sterilization of pathogenic microoganisms by high soil temperature only on surface of soils. Low temperature damage appeared at thowing of soils and emergence stage of ginseng but reports were limited. Most limiting factor of yield appeared as physiological disorder and high pathogen activity due to high temperature during summer(about three months).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.243-249
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• 2011

Korean red ginseng (KRG), the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer, has a variety of biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer effects. Aflatoxin $B_1$ ($AFB_1$) produced by the Aspergillus spp. causes acute hepatotoxicity by lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage, and induces liver carcinoma in humans and laboratory animals. This study was performed to examine the protective effects of KRG against hepatotoxicity induced by $AFB_1$ using liver-specific serum marker analysis, histopathology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. In addition, to elucidate the possible mechanism of hepatoprotective effects, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were analyzed. Rats were treated with 250 mg/kg of KRG (KRG group) or saline ($AFB_1$ group) for 4 weeks and then received 150 ${\mu}g/kg$ of $AFB_1$ intraperitoneally for 3 days. Rats were sacrificed at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, or 1 wk after $AFB_1$ treatment. In the KRG pre-treatment group, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and malondialdehyde levels were low, but superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were high as compared to the $AFB_1$ alone group. Histopathologically, $AFB_1$ treatment induced necrosis and apoptosis in hepatocytes, and led to inflammatory cells infiltration in the liver. KRG pre-treatment ameliorated these changes. These results indicate that KRG may have protective effects against hepatotoxicity induced by $AFB_1$ that involve the antioxidant properties of KRG.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.327-332
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• 2016

The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is an internet protocol based routing protocol developed and standardized by IETF in 2012 to support a wide range of applications for low-power and lossy-networks (LLNs). In LLNs consisting of resource-constrained devices, the energy consumption of battery powered sensing devices during network operations can greatly impact network lifetime. In the case of inefficient route selection, the energy depletion from even a few nodes in the network can damage network integrity and reliability by creating holes in the network. In this paper, a composite energy-aware node metric ($RER_{BDI}$) is proposed for RPL; this metric uses both the residual energy ratio (RER) of the nodes and their battery discharge index. This composite metric helps avoid overburdening power depleted network nodes during packet routing from the source towards the destination oriented directed acyclic graph root node. Additionally, an objective function is defined for RPL, which combines the node metric $RER_{BDI}$ and the expected transmission count (ETX) link quality metric; this helps to improve the overall network packet delivery ratio. The COOJA simulator is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. The simulations show encouraging results for the proposed scheme in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption, when compared to the most popular schemes for RPL like ETX, hop-count and RER.