• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.1454-1465
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• 2011

Menswear body types are often labeled on garments (to indicate how the garments are designed to fit) with indicators of a size category such as regular, portly, and stout, athletic, or big and tall. A drop (relationships between the chest and waist girths) is related to the fit of a tailored suit. However, current standards are not designed for various drops or body types. There is not enough information of categorizing men's body shapes for the apparel sizing systems. In this article, a set of men's data from SizeUSA sizing survey was analyzed to investigate men's body shapes and drops. Factor analysis and a cluster analysis method were used to categorize men's body shapes. In the results, twenty-five variables were selected through the factor analysis and found four factors: girth factor, height factor, torso girth factor, and slope degree factor. According to the factor and cluster analysis, various body shapes were found: Slim Shape (SS - tall ectomorphy), Heavy Shape (HS - athletic, big & tall, endomorphy and mesomorphy), Slant Inverted Triangle Shape (SITS - regular, slight ectomorphy and slight mesomorphy weight range from normal to slightly overweight), Short Round Top Shape (SRTS - portly and stout, endomorphy). Body shapes were related to fitting categories. SS and HS were related to big & tall fitting category. SITS was related to regular. SRTS was related to portly and stout. Shape 1 (31%) and Shape 2 (26%) were related to current big & tall category. Shape 3 (34%) were related to regular. Shape 4 (9%) were in portly and stout category. ASTM D 6240 standard was the only available standard that presented a regular fitting category. Various drops were found within a same chest size group; however, this study revealed great variances of drops by body shape.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.463-469
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• 1998

Factor analysis was applied as a multivariate statistical technique to official genetic evaluations of type classification traits for 1,265,785 Holstein cows and 10,321 sires computed from data collected between August 1982 and June 1994 in Canada. Type traits included eighteen linear descriptive traits and eight major score card traits. Principal components of the factor analysis showed that only five factors explain the information of the genetic value of linear descriptive traits for both cows and sires. Factor 1 included traits related to mammary system, like texture, median suspensory, fore attachment, fore teat placement and rear attachment height and width. Factor 2 described stature, size, chest width and pin width. These two factors had a similar pattern for both cows and sires. In constrast, Factor 3 for cows involved only bone-quality, while in addition for sires, Factor 3 included foot angle, rear legs desirability and legs set. Factor 4 for cows related to foot angle, set of rear leg and leg desirability, while Factor 4 related to loin strenth and pin setting for sires. Finally, Factor 5 included loin strength and pin setting for cows and described only pin setting for sires. Two factors only were required to describe score card traits of cows and sires. Factor 1 related to final score, feet and legs, udder traits, mammary system and dairy character, while frame/capacity and rump were described by Factor 2. Communality estimates which determine the proportion of variance of a type trait that is shared with other type traits via the common factor variant were high, the highest ${\geq}$ 80% for final score, stature, size and chest width. Pin width and pin desirability had the lowest communality, 56% and 37%. Results indicated shifts in emphasis over the twelve-year period away from udder traits and dairy character, and towards size, scale and width traits. A new system that computes fmal score from type components has been initiated.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1992

The lab-scale biological A$_{2}$O system was applied from treating piggery wastewater highly polluted organic material which nitrogen and phosphorous are much contained relatively in conversion with other wastewater. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of variance parameters on the treatability of this system according to operation conditions. An obtained experimental data were analysed by using principal component analysis (PCA) method. The results are summarized as follows: 1. From Varimax rotated factor loading in raw wastewater, variance of factor 1 was 36.8% and cumulative percentage of variance from factor 1 to factor 4 was 81.5% and of these was related to BOD, TKN and BOD loading. 2. In anaerobic process, variance of factor 1 was 33.5% and cumulative percentage of variance from factor I to factor 4 was 81.8% and of these was related to PO$_{4}$-P, BOD, DO and Temperature. 3. In anoxic process, variance of factor 1 was 30.1% and cumulative percentage of variance from factor i to factor 4 was 84.3% and of these was related to pH, DO, TKN and temperature. 4. In aerobic process, variance of factor 1 was 43.8% and cumulative percentage of variance from factor 1 to factor 4 was 81.5% and of these was highly related to DO, PO$_{4}$-P and BOD. 5. It was better to be operated below 0.30 kg/kg$\cdot$day F/M ratio to keep over 90% of BOD and SS, 80% of TKN, and 60% of PO$_{4}$-P in treatment efficiencies. 6. Treatment efficiencies was over 93% of BOD and SS, 81% of TKN and 60% of PO$_{4}$-P at over 20$^{\circ}$C, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.119-125
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• 2015

This study was analyzed to provide fundamental data on the relationship between fast food consumption behaviors and food-related lifestyle types. Data was collected from 268 middle students in the Incheon region through a self-administered questionnaire. A factor analysis extracted five comprising food-related lifestyle, which we named health seeking (factor 1), taste seeking (factor 2), easy seeking (factor 3), popularity seeking (factor 4) and safety seeking (factor 5). According to the results of the factor analysis, the food-related lifestyle showed that the average consumption was more than 2.95 and, 0.792 in Cronbach alpha coefficient. There were significant differences in the influence factor for the selection of fast food according to taste seeking and, popularity seeking types (p<0.05). Also, the easy seeking and safety seeking lifestyle types showed a significant differences for the reason the choosing criteria of fast food (p<0.05). Especially, the nutrition problem was of the highest importance for the health and safety seeking but an advertisement effect trend appealed more to the taste seeking, easy seeking and popularity seeking lifestyles. There were significant differences in fast food of intake frequency according to health seeking, easy seeking, popularity seeking and safety seeking types (p<0.05). A significant positive result of the internal characteristics of fast food consumption (p<0.05) was shown for the health seeking and safety seeking types. A significant positive result of the external characteristics of fast food consumption (p<0.05) was shown for the popularity seeking and safety seeking types.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.411-430
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to identify the antecedents and consequence of role-relaxed consumption. Consumption-related variables were considered as antecedents, and fashion-related variable was considered as a consequence. Hedonic consumption, impulse buying, value consciousness, and brand sensitivity were included as consumption-related variables and fashion consciousness was included as a fashion-related variable. It was hypothesized that hedonic consumption, impulse buying, value consciousness, and brand sensitivity influence rolerelaxed consumption and then influence fashion consciousness. Data were gathered by surveying university students in Seoul, using convenience sampling. Two hundred twenty seven questionnaires were used in the statistical analysis, exploratory factor analysis using SPSS and confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis using AMOS. While hedonic consumption, impulse buying, value consciousness, and brand sensitivity were uni-dimensions, role-relaxed consumption and fashion consciousness were multi-dimensions. Factor analysis of role-relaxed consumption revealed two dimensions, 'self-centered decision making' factor and 'importance of intrinsic value' factor. In addition, factor analysis of fashion conscious revealed three dimensions, 'individualism' factor, 'dressing style' factor, and 'appearance' factor. Tests of the hypothesized path show that impulse buying and brand sensitivity negatively influence 'self-centered decision making' and that hedonic consumption and value consciousness negatively influence 'importance of intrinsic value'. While 'self-centered decision making'negatively influence 'dressing style' and 'appearance, 'importance of intrinsic value' negatively influences all factors of fashion consciousness. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future study are also discussed.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to use meta-analysis to evaluate factors and variables related to the emotional labor of hospital nurses. Method: The study included variables obtained from 66 recently published studies, doctoral dissertations, and master's theses. Results: The related variables were categorized into five factor groups: internal character factor, nursing care related factor, environmental factor, emotional response, and job response. For the defensive variable, job related response (effect size [ES]=-.17), environment (ES=-.14), internal character (ES=-.08), nursing care (ES=-.06), and emotional response (ES=-.06) showed significant effect size among the five categorized variable groups. For the risk variable, internal character (ES=.44), emotional response (ES=.46), environment (ES=.27), job related response (ES=.27), and nursing care (ES=.19) showed significant effect size among the five categorized variable groups. Conclusion: The results of this study identified defensive and risk variables related to emotional labor of hospital nurses. Self-efficacy, social support, leaders' care, and communication are important factors for managing emotional labor of hospital nurses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.618-629
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• 2008

The objectives of this study were to classify body types of 40s, 50s, 60s obese women according to body measurements and to investigate relationships between age and body types of obese women. Body measurement was made on 497 obese women in their 40s, 50s, 60s whose BMI (Body Mass Index) was 25.0 or more when directly measured in 'Size Korea 2004'. Data were analyzed through factor analysis, cluster analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient, $X^2$-test, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and Duncan's multiple range test. First. the obesity group with BMI being 25.0-30.0 was composed of 23.1% subjects in their 40s, 43.3% subjects in their 50s, and 50.0% subjects in their 60th, which demonstrates that the older subjects were, the higher the distribution was. Adding the high obesity group with BMI being more than 30.0 to the obesity group, women in their 60s were 56.7%, the most of obese bodies. Second, factor analysis of obese women's BMIs revealed that five factors were elicited, including upper-body circumference related factor, height related factor, lower-body circumference related factor, upper-body width related factor, and upper-body related factor. As a result of analyzing the clusters, three types of body shapes were classified including upper-lower obesity, upper obesity, and lower obesity. Third, obese women were thicker or wider than non-obese individuals in those factors including upper-body circumference, lower-body circumference, and body width, and longer in upper-body length, while non-obese individuals were higher or longer than obese individuals in height related factors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.203-214
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to classify the upper body of women into several kinds of somatotypes, using the method of Surgical Tape and making their shells. The subjects are 53 females 30 to 39 years-old. Fifty-three anthropometric data are measured per shell of bodysurface; six somatotype factors are obtained through principal component analysis and orthogonal rotation by the method of Varimax, Somatotype of women's upper body is achieved by cluster analysis, using the standardized factor score as an independent variable and the FASTCLUS of SAS by Kmeans. The results are as follows: 1. The number of the factors which explain the somatotype is six and those factors comprise 76.12 percent of total variance. Factor 1: related to the size of shape in the front of upper body Factor S: related to the size of shape in the back of upper body Factor 3: related to the type of the upper chest over the chest circumference line Factor 4: related to the length of·the upper body Factor 5: related to the part of the neck Factor 6: related to the type of the lower chest under the chest circumference line 2. Cluster analysis results in classification of upper body into five clusters. Cluster L: the length is the largest and the circumference is small. The part of waist is the largest and widest among surface areas. Cluster 2: Slender body line from chest to waist is characteristic. The length is longer. The part of upper and lower chest is larger among surface areas. Cluster S: the circumference is the smallest and armhole is small. The length and surface area are small. Cluster 4: the circumference and armhole is the largest. The length is the smallest. Cluster 5: the circumference is average and the length is a little long. The body line(silhouette) from chest to waist is curved slightly.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.169-177
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• 2007

Competitive international business environment has forced many firms to focus on supply chain management to cope with highly increasing competition. Hence the supplier selection is the most important decision of a company. Because it has a direct effect on cost reduction and quality, profitability and flexibility improvement of a company, so the right supplier selection significantly affect on the organization's efficiency and effectiveness and competitiveness. The primary research objects of this study is to evaluate an importance of supplier selection factors as an index and to present the evaluation model for supplier selection. For this purpose, this study adopts the AHP method to calculate the importance of supplier selection factors. In this study, 16 factors which affect on the supplier selection decision making are classified into three factors-product supply related factor, product related factor, management ability related factor.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.261-272
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• 2008

The primary research objects of this study is to evaluate an importance of supplier selection factors as an index according the level of product standardization and to present the evaluation model for supplier selection. For this purpose, this study adopts the AHP method to calculate the importance of supplier selection factors. In this study 16 factors which affect on the supplier selection decision making are classified into three factors-product supply related factor, product related factor, management ability related factor. Results also indicate that standardized products are much more dealt by means of on-line compare to customized products. It means the buyer opportunities is potentially an increase in the amount of current supplier re-evaluation, which may lead to new suppliers being considered more often.