• Title/Summary/Keyword: Reference table

검색결과 303건 처리시간 0.027초

동적 심근관류 SPECT에서 심장의 위치 측정방법에 대한 고찰 (An Optimization Method of Measuring Heart Position in Dynamic Myocardial Perfusion SPECT with a CZT-based camera)

  • 성지혜;이동훈;김은혜;정우영
    • 핵의학기술
    • /
    • 제23권1호
    • /
    • pp.75-79
    • /
    • 2019
  • 관상동맥 혈류예비능(CFR)은 관상동맥 협착에 대한 기능적 평가를 하는데 중요한 지표로 사용되고, 허혈성 심장질환(IHD)의 발생을 조기에 진단할 수 있다. 최근 도입된 Discovery NM 530c (D530c) 장비의 구조적 특성으로 인해 동적인 영상 획득이 가능해졌고, 심근 혈류 및 관상동맥 혈류예비능의 측정을 할 수 있게 되었다. D530c 19개 CZT 검출기의 FOV가 교차되는 영역을 QFOV라고 하며, 영상의 질을 위해 QFOV 중앙으로부터 2 cm 이내 심장을 위치시키고 촬영할 것을 권고하고 있다. 동적 심근관류 SPECT 시에 심장의 위치를 선정하기 위한 최적화된 방법을 연구하였다. 심장의 위치를 측정하기 위한 도구로 이동형 초음파를 이용하였다. 환자는 parasternal long-axis view (PLAX) 스캔하였고, 심장 내 구조물이 잘 보이는 탐촉자 지점에 위치를 표시하였다. 환자의 신체에 표시한 지점과 D530c 검출기에 표시된 기준점을 서로 일치시킨 상태에서 약물부하(stress)를 하였고, 방사성동위원소를 순간주사(bolus injection) 하면서 동적 촬영을 시행하였다. 3시간 경과 후, 휴지기(rest) 촬영 시 QFOV 중앙에 심장이 위치하도록 조정하였다. 테이블 및 검출기 위치에 대하여 이동형 초음파를 이용한 dynamic stress와 QFOV 중앙에 위치시킨 rest의 좌표를 비교 분석한 결과, 모든 항목에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다(P > 0.05). 이동형 초음파의 이용은 비교적 사용이 간편하면서 시간 단축과 함께 공간의 제약이 없었고, 심장의 정확한 위치 선정에 도움이 되었다. 이는 영상의 질향상과 환자의 불필요한 방사선 피폭을 최소화하고, 심근혈류 및 관상동맥 혈류예비능의 정량적 평가에 도움을 줌으로써 임상적 진단에 효과적일 것으로 사료된다.

에머지 접근법을 이용한 국내 벼농사 시스템의 지속가능성 변화 분석 (Analysis of sustainability changes in the Korean rice cropping system using an emergy approach)

  • 김용은;이민영;홍진솔;이윤식;위준;송재준;조기종
    • 환경생물
    • /
    • 제41권4호
    • /
    • pp.482-496
    • /
    • 2023
  • 지난 수십 년간 국내 벼농사 시스템은 규모와 구조 측면에서 많은 변화가 있었으나, 이 시스템의 지속가능성에 대한 연구는 충분히 이뤄지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 에머지 분석방법을 이용하여, 시스템 생태학의 관점에서 국내 벼농사 시스템의 지속가능성 변화를 분석하고자 했다. 이를 위해서, 2011년, 2016년, 2021년의 국내 벼농사 시스템에 대한 에머지 테이블을 작성하고 에머지 기반 지표 분석을 수행하였다. 에머지 분석 결과, 2011~2021년 동안의 논면적 감소에 따라 벼농사 시스템에 투입된 총 에머지는 10,744E+18 sej year-1에서 8,342E+18 sej year-1로 감소했고, 재생가능한 자원의 비율은 1.4% 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 면적당(ha) 투입된 에머지는 2011년 13.13E+15 sej ha-1 year-1에서 2021년 11.89E+15 sej ha-1 year-1로 감소한 것으로 분석되었고, 질소 비료 사용량 및 노동시간의 감소가 주된 원인이었다. 벼 1 g을 재배하는 데 투입되는 에머지는 2016년과 2021년 사이에 변화가 없었으나(specific emergy: 13.3E+09 sej g-1), 벼농사 시스템의 지속가능성(emergy sustainability index, ESI)은 2011년부터 2021년까지 계속해서 낮아진 것으로 나타났다(2011년: 0.107, 2016년: 0.088, 2021년: 0.086). 본 연구는 국내 벼농사 시스템의 에머지 투입 구조 및 특징에 대한 정량적인 정보를 제공했다. 이 연구 결과는 국내 벼농사 시스템의 생태적 지속가능성 향상을 위한 방안을 구축하는 데 중요한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

ICC 중재에서 중재법원의 역할이 KCA 국제중재규칙에 주는 시사점(사무국, 중재판정부, 국제중재위원회의 업무분장을 중심으로) (Implications of the Role of the Court Under ICC Arbitration for the KCAB International Arbitration Rules(An Analysis focusing on the division of duties among the Secretariat, Arbitral Tribunal and International Arbitration Committee))

  • 안건형
    • 무역상무연구
    • /
    • 제39권
    • /
    • pp.179-220
    • /
    • 2008
  • The notion of the 'court' is most unique to ICC arbitration. This paper focuses on what the court is and how it works and what the role and the duties of the Court under the ICC arbitration imply for the KCAB International Arbitration Rules. The Court is an administrative body that administers arbitrations taking place under the ICC Rules of Arbitration. The Court consists of 126 members from 88 countries around the world. Court members participate in decision-making process by way of attending the committee sessions and plenary sessions. At the Court's committee sessions, the Court fixes advance on costs; reviews the prima facie existence of arbitration agreements; fixes the place and language of arbitration, and the number of arbitrator(s); confirms and approves arbitrators; scrutinizes draft awards, determines the costs of arbitration; decides on extensions related to Terms of Reference, draft awards and correction and interpretation of the awards. At the Court's plenary sessions, the Court performs only two responsibilities: the challenge or replacement of arbitrators or the scrutiny of draft awards. The Court is required to scrutinize draft awards involving states or state entities, drafts with huge amounts in dispute or complex technical or legal questions, and as well as draft awards to which a dissenting opinion has been attached. Turning to the KCAB International Arbitration Rules, Article 1(3) provides that the KCAB shall establish an International Arbitration Committee. Further, it is provided that the KCAB shall consult with the said Committee with respect to challenge and replacement/removal of arbitrators pursuant to Article 1(3). The notion and role of the International Arbitration Committee was originally adapted from the Court to ICC arbitration, but its role was quite reduced in the process of enactment of its Rules. Accordingly, I examined the detailed roles of the Court to ICC arbitration in this paper and hereby suggest that the KCAB International Arbitration Rules shall be amended in the following ways: The Secretariat of the KCAB shall: fix advance on costs at the first stage and the costs of arbitration at the final stage of the proceedings; determine the number of arbitrators; review the prima facie of existence of arbitration agreement; confirm arbitrators; decide extensions related to time table, draft awards and correction and interpretation of the awards. I, also, suggest that the arbitral tribunals shall fix the place of arbitration and the language of arbitration and make a final decision on the validity of arbitration agreement. With regard to the International Arbitration Committee, it is desirable for its Rules to empower the Committee to recommend any prospective arbitrator and to review and decide challenge and replacement/removal of arbitrators.

  • PDF

소자본계통(小字本系統) 『금궤요략(金匱要略)』 오천본(吳遷本)의 특징(特徵)에 대한 고찰(考察) - 등진본(鄧珍本)과의 비교(比較)를 중심(中心)으로 - (A Study on the Characteristics of the Wuqian Edition(吳遷本) of Jinguiyaolue(金匱要略) written in Small Letters)

  • 김동휘;정창현;백유상;김상현;안진희;박성진;장우창
    • 대한한의학원전학회지
    • /
    • 제26권4호
    • /
    • pp.397-416
    • /
    • 2013
  • Objective : The recently reported Wuqian edition(吳遷本) Jinguiyaolue(金匱要略) is known to be written in small letters unlike other large lettered versions of the book. The Wuqian edition(吳遷本) takes after the name of Wuqian who copied an ancient version that was found at the time(Ming dyanasty, 1395). It is known to differ in organization and contents to other versions. In this study, I would like to examine how the small-lettered version of the Jinguiyaolue had been created, through a thorough examination of the Wuqian edition, and evaluate its value as a new version of the Jinguiyaolue. Method : First, the systems of both large-lettered and small-lettered versions of the "Jinguiyaolue" were briefly examined, followed by comparison from chapter 1 to 22, of organization, contents, and formulas between the oldest version of the large-lettered versions, the Deng-zhen edition, and the newly discovered Wuqian edition of which examples of each item are listed. The original source was identified for parts that were different. Result & Conclusion : 1. The Deng-zhen edition and Wuqian edition show vast differences in the organization, table of contents, name of chapter, location of each verse or line, existence of certain verses or lines, name of formula, quantity of medicinal ingredients, processing methods and other aspects. 2. The small-lettered edition was published based on the large-lettered edition of the Jinguiyaolue published by the Jiaozheng-yishuju(校正醫書局) after a general cross-examination process followed by selection, modification and supplementation of the large-lettered edition. Reference texts used in cross-examination were Qianjinyaofang(千金要方), Waitaimiyao(外臺秘要), Maijing(脈經), and Shanghanlun(傷寒論). 3. Considering Wuqian's own annotations and preface, it is clear that he wanted to create the best version of the "Jinguiyaolue". Wuqian himself seems to have had professional knowledge of bibliography and medicine.

티타늄琺瑯후릿트에 關한 硏究 (Studieson Titanium Enamel Frit)

  • 이종근;한기성
    • 대한화학회지
    • /
    • 제4권1호
    • /
    • pp.18-26
    • /
    • 1957
  • There are two problems to be solved by our efforts in the enamel frit. One is how we can cover the enamel frit thin with complete milk white as possible, and the other is how it can be, made resistant for chemicals than before one. The frit which can solved the two problems just mentioned above is titanium enamel frit. This frit has been developed in America after War Ⅱ, and now the research for concerning antimony frit into titanium frit is under development entirely. In order to develope the enamel industry in Korea, it is urgent problem to convert antimony frit into titanium frit. By the way the titanium frit is emulsified titanium oxide crystal which made through reheating the supersaturated solution of titanium oxide in the basis of glass. Unfortunately, there are many obscure points in active fact or which influence on its composition and characteristics yet. However, this task was tried for the first in Korea. As first step, the test was carried on the reference books, and we can be possible convert antimony frit into titanium frit as a result of this experiment. As a conclusion, for the purpose of developing the enamel industry in Korea, we studied that the research for converting antimony enamel frit which has been used popularly into titanium enamel frit which is more economic and resistant for chemicals. As a result of experiments, the following points concerning with titanium frit have become clearly. 1. It is better when the composition of titanium enamel frit has as following table.Man Duck San Silica 24 An Yang Feldspar 20 Borax 28 Sodium Nitrate 4 Cryolite 7 Calcium Carbonate 3.6∼1 Titanium Oxide 10 Calcium phosphate 0 ∼3.2 Calcium Fluoride 0∼1.8 Antimony Oxide 0∼0.5 2. The amount of $TiO_2$, to be added is $10%\;to\;12{%,\;CaF_2\;is\;under\;1.8%,\;P_2O_5\;is\;under\;1.6%,\;Sb_2O_3\;is\;under\;0.5%$. 3. In the titanium frit, the limit of iron oxide amount to be included is under 0. 5%. 4. Comparing the titanium enamel frit with antimony enamel frit not only the titanium frit can be savely 20.6% in the price of raw materials, but one time of glazing and heating process is omitted in each case, and it is known the titanium frit is more resistant for chemicals than antimony frit.

  • PDF

동력분무기용(動力噴霧機用) 삼분두(三噴頭)의 살포도(撒布度) 개선(改善)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Study on the Improvement of Distribution Pattern in the Triple Nozzle System)

  • 홍성화;이상우
    • 농업과학연구
    • /
    • 제11권2호
    • /
    • pp.284-294
    • /
    • 1984
  • 동력분무기용(動力噴霧機用) 3분두(噴頭) 분공(噴孔)의 크기, 살포각도(撒布角度) 및 와실(渦室)의 간격을 변화(變化)시키면서 최대(最大) 분무유효거리(噴霧有效距離)의 구명(究明)과 살포도(撒布度)의 개선(改善)을 위(爲)한 분두배열(噴頭配列) 방법(方法)의 분석결과(分析結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 분공(噴孔) 직경(直徑)이 커짐에 따라 분무량(噴霧量)은 증가(增加)하였고 1번구(番口)는 2차(次) 곡선(曲線)으로 II번구(番口), III번구(番口)는 1차(次) 함수관계(關係)를 나타냈다. 2. 최대(最大) 유효거리(有效距離)는 살포각도(撒布角度)가 $15^{\circ}$일때 최대(最大) 값을 나타냈고 분공(噴孔)의 크기가 3.0mm일때 약17m, 2.5mm 및 2.0mm 일때 각각 약 14m, 약 13m로 나타났다. 3. 살포도(撒布度)의 균등개선(均等改善)을 위(爲)한 분두배열(噴頭配列)(表 6참조(參照))은 I번구(番口)의 분공(噴孔)크기에 따라 다르지만 균등계수(均等係數)는 약 6%정도(程度) 개선(改善)시킬 수 있었다. 4. 살포거리(撒布距離) 6m의 최저(最低) 살포량(撒布量)을 II번구(番口)의 와실(渦室) 간격 조절(調節)로서 개선(改善)시킬 수 있었다.

  • PDF

BIS 자료를 이용한 중장기 버스 통행시간 예측 (Long-term Prediction of Bus Travel Time Using Bus Information System Data)

  • 이주영;구은모;김형주;장기태
    • 대한교통학회지
    • /
    • 제35권4호
    • /
    • pp.348-359
    • /
    • 2017
  • 최근 국내에서는 대도시권의 교통혼잡 완화를 위하여 다양한 대중교통 활성화 정책을 시행중에 있다. 특히 대도시권역에서는 버스정보시스템이 도입되어 버스의 현재위치, 도착예정시간 등에 대한 정보를 제공하고 있다. 하지만 복잡한 도시부를 지나는 버스들의 경우 반복적인 교통혼잡과 버스몰림으로 인하여 정확한 통행시간 정보제공 시 정확도를 확보하는데 어려움이 있다. 기존 버스 통행시간 연구는 링크별 소통정보 제공방식으로 인하여 버스 이용자의 경로 통행시간 정보 제공 시 어려움이 있고, 데이터 기반의 단기 통행방식으로 중장기 정보 제공이 어렵다는 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 경로기반의 중장기 버스통행시간 예측 방법론에 대한 연구를 실시한다. 이를 위하여 2015년 버스통행정보로 학습데이터, 2016년 자료로 검증데이터를 구성하였다. 학습데이터를 이용하여 버스통행정보를 분석하여 버스통행시간에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 출발시각, 요일, 그리고 기상요인 등으로 분류하고, 이들의 특성 값을 자기조직화지도를 활용하여 비슷한 통행 패턴을 가지는 군집으로 분류하였다. 도출된 군집들을 바탕으로 맑음과 우천시에 대한 요일/출발시각 별 버스통행시간 참조 테이블을 구성하였다. 검증데이터를 이용하여 본 연구에서 도출한 버스통행시간의 정확도를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 중장기 예측 알고리즘을 활용하여 기존의 직관적이고 경험적인 접근법의 한계를 극복할 수 있으며, 예측의 정확도 개선을 통한 버스이용자 만족도 향상 및 탄력적인 대중교통 정책 수립이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

옴니채널의 지각된 편리성과 유용성이 옴니채널 사용과 소비자-브랜드 관계에 미치는 영향 (Omnichannel's Perception Effect on Omnichannel Use and Customer-Brand Relationship)

  • 임덕순;한상설
    • 유통과학연구
    • /
    • 제14권7호
    • /
    • pp.83-90
    • /
    • 2016
  • Purpose - This study focuses on new type distribution channel that named as Omnichannel. Omnichannel is developed from Multichannel which is used in many distribution channels to buy or selling goods. Omnichannel basically needs an Information and Communications Technologies(ICT) to use, so researcher conduct a Technology Acceptance Model(TAM) to research model. Customer-brand relationship was used as dependent variable to focus on the role of Omnichannel. Research design, data, and methodology - The subject of this study is customer who purchase goods or service through omnichannel. Based on the literature from the preceding research analysis of TAM and customer-brand relationship, this study was constructed by the reference to previous studies, final research model design for figure out casual relationship among perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, omnichannel use and customer-brand relationship. From 2016 February 3 to March 17, questionnaire survey targeted customers who use online and offline channels. 273 questionnaire survey had conducted, then, 252 survey data were available for empirical analysis. Researcher provide descriptive statistics for checking generality. Cronbach's alpha value was used to check the reliability of data. Exploratory factor analysis was used for purification of values and eigenvalue checking. After EFA, Confirmatory factor analysis was used to prepare structural equation modeling with executing structural equation modeling for confirming hypothesis which developed by researcher. Results - The main results of this empirical study are as follows. First, omnichannel's perceived ease of use has positive significant effect on perceived usefulness(estimate: 0.579). Moreover, omnichannel's perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness has positive significant effect on omnichannel use(estimate: 0.325,0.648). Second, using omnichannel has positive significant effect on brand-customer relationship(estimate: 0.521). Every hypothesis adopted as researcher designed. This study found out the intermediate relationship between perceived ease of use and omnichannel use by investigating hypothesis. Conclusions - Base on the empirical result, this study confirmed that TAM theory perceived has relation with omnichannel. First, factors of TAM has positive effect on omnichannel use, so it highlights the important role of customer based interface and usefulness. Especially, perceived usefulness has high indirect influence on ease of use and use of omnichannel. It seems that when customers try to decide use or not use omnichannel, customers focus on percept benefits from omnichannel. Thus, a provider should applicate attractive price table, accurate product or service information and high switching cost strategy to emphasize the usefulness of omnichannel. Second, using omnichannel enhances the relationship between customers and brand, because there are more time and frequency to serve customers. It is important because good relationship between customers can increase the future's financial performance through word of mouse, positive brand image and loyalty to brand or company. Finally, despite of empirical result and implications, this study has limitations. First, there are only a few previous studies about omnicahnnel, so literature reviews are restricted. While set up the factors which can affect the use of omnichannel, next study should be considered with broader theories or models(ex: contingency theory). Second, omnichannel has developed from multichannel, so comparative analysis is needed between these methods because there is a possibility about different forte character of each distribution system on customer's consuming patterns.

매리 땅밀림형 산사태(山沙汰)의 발생특성(發生特性)에 관한 분석(分析) (II) - 발생원인(發生原因)을 중심(中心)으로 - (Analysis on the Characteristics of the Landslide in Maeri (II) - With a Special Reference on Cause of Landslide -)

  • 박재현;최경;배종순;마호섭;이종학
    • 한국산림과학회지
    • /
    • 제94권4호통권161호
    • /
    • pp.243-251
    • /
    • 2005
  • 이 연구는 김해시 상동면 매리 산사태지의 발생특성을 밝히기 위한 일련의 연구로 본보에서는 강수량 및 지형, 지질적인 요인을 조사, 분석 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 이 지역의 산사태 발생의 주된 원인은 지형, 지질적인 요인이다. 지형적으로 지표수가 침투되기 쉽게 너덜이 넓게 분포하고 있으며, 산록부 하장사면의 요(凹)부는 붕적토층과 풍화토층이 깊게 형성되어 있다. 또한, 붕적토층 내에는 직경 10~100 cm 정도의 원마도가 매우 불량한 자갈 및 전석으로 구성되어 있어 강우시 침식이 용이하다. 또한, 지하수위 상승에 의해서도 산사태가 발생하었다. 즉, 산정상부의 지하수위가 지표면과 가깝고 산 하부에서 깊게 분포하는 등 지형 및 지질적 특성으로 인하여 지하수위가 상승하여 산사태 발생에 크게 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. 아울러 강우로 인한 상부 너덜지대에서 많은 지표수가 침투되고 있음에도 불구하고 붕적층에 대한 지하수 배제시설이 미비되어 산사태를 발생시키고 있는 것으로 판단된다.

EDTA의 적용 온도와 시간에 따른 도말층의 제거양상 (REMOVAL PATTERNS OF SMEAR LAYER ACCORDING TO APPLICATION TEMPERATURE AND TIME OF EDTA)

  • 신장식;조용범
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
    • /
    • 제27권5호
    • /
    • pp.535-542
    • /
    • 2002
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of EDTA irrigant according to application time and temperature. 31 human mature extracted teeth with a single canal were sectioned with microtome in 3mm thickness and gained 62 samples of root canals. They were distributed randomly into 6 groups of 10 specimens each and control group of 2 specimens. Each specimen was prepared with GT rotary file (Dentsply, Maillefer Co., Swiss) and irrigated with 3 ml sodium hypochlorite every minute. Then smear layer was removed with EDTA solution (PULPDENT$^{\circledR}$, PULPDENT Co., USA.) except two control specimens. Specimens of each group were irrigated with 17% EDTA. The time and temperature of application were as follows : (Table omitted) All specimens were split longitudinally and prepared for examination by scanning electron microscopy. A set of reference micrographs was used to award a debris score as follows: 0 = no smear layer, all tubules clean and open; 1 = no superficial smear layer, tubule openings visible, but some contain debris plug or soft tissue remnants: 2 = moderate smear layer, some tubules open and others closed; 3 = heavy smear layer, most/all tubule openings obscured. Results were evaluated with Kruskal-Wallis test to determine whether there was statistically significant difference among six groups. Pairs of groups were analyzed using the Student-Newman-Keuls Method and Mann-Whitney test. The results were as follows : 1. Control specimens showed heavy smear layer at the canal walls 2. Among the groups applied with EDTA for 2 minutes, group 1 showed the heaviest smear layer, and there was statistically significant difference between group 1 and the other groups(p<0.05). 3. Among the groups applied with EDTA for 5 minutes, group 4 and group 6 showed smear layer but there was no significant difference between them. 4. Among the groups applied with EDTA for the same temperature, group 1 showed heavier smear layer than group 4, and there was statistically significant difference(p<0.05). 5. Among the groups applied with EDTA for the same temperature, group 2 showed heavier smear layer than group 5 and group 3 showed heavier smear layer than group 6. But there was no statistically significant difference among them. From the results above, it could be concluded, EDTA solution is effective in removing of smear layer when it is applied for 5 minutes. If EDTA is applied for 2 minutes, it should be applied above room temperature.