• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 1985

Phytotron and field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of morphological growth stage and environmental temperature on synthesis and accumulation pattern of cyanogenic glycosides in sorghum cv. Pioneer 931 and Sioux at Munich technical university from 1979 to 1980. Various growth stages of sorghum plants were grown in phytotron at 4 different temperature regimes of 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C with 35,000 Lux over 13-h days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Cyanogenic glycosides in sorghum plants were shown to have a great synthetic rate at early growth stages. The highest concentrations of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) were found at 2-leaf stage with 2384 and 1800ppm (DM basis) for Pioneer 931 and Sioux respectively. The contents of HCN were, however, however decreased markedly as morphological development, which shows a value of 173ppm (Pioneer 931) and 70ppm (Sioux) at heading stages. 2. Changes of hydrocyanic acid in sorghum plants were positive correlated with leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio ($P{\leqq}0.1%$), while plant height shows a negative correlation with HCN contents ($P{\leqq}0.1%$). 3. Cyanogenic glycosides were accumulated in young plants mainly in leaves. During the late maturities, the contents of HCN in leaves and stalks were shown, however, a similar distribution. 4. Synthesis rates of cyanogenic glycosides were increased under high temperature. Accumulated hydrocyanic acid in the plants was, however declined when temperature exceeded 30 degree C. 5. Synthesis rates of cyanogenic glycosides were affected by nitrogen reductase activity (NRA). The concentration of hydrocyanic acid in sorghum plants was associated with increasing of nitrate-N accumulation.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.134-145
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• 2011

The objectives of this study were to investigate fitness difference in growth and rice yield in herbicide-transgenic rice overexpressing Myxococcus xanthus and Arabidopsis thaliana protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) genes and non-transgenic rice. We also aimed to determine whether these fitness differences are related to ALA synthesizing capacity, accumulation of terapyrroles, reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidative enzymes at different growth stages of rice. Plant height of the transgenic rice overexpressing M. xanthus (MX) and A. thaliana (AP37) Protox genes at 43, 50, and 65 days after transplanting (DAT) was significantly lower than that of WT. Number of tiller of PX as well as MX and AP37 at 50 and 65 DAT was significantly lower than that of WT. At harvest time, culm length and yield of MX, PX and AP37 and rice straw weight of MX and AP37 were significantly low compared with WT. The reduction of yield in MX, PX, and AP37 was caused by spikelets per panicle and 1000 grain weight, ripened grain, spikelets per panicle, 1000 grain weight, and ripened grain, respectively. On the other hand, 135 the reduction of yield in MX, PX, and AP37 was also observed in another yearly variation experiment. The reduction of rice growth in MX, PX, and AP37 was observed in seedling stage as well as growth duration in field. There were no differences in tetrapyrrole intermediate Proto IX, Mg-Proto IX and Mg-Proto IX monomethyl ester, reactive oxygen species ($H_2O_2$ and ${O_2}^-$), MDA, antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, POX, APX, and GR) and chlorophyll between transgenic lines and wild type, indicating that accumulated tetrapyrrole intermediate and other parameters were not related to growth reduction in transgenic rice. However, ALA synthesizing capacity in MX, PX, and AP37 at one day after exposure to light and 52 DAT was significantly lower than that of WT. Further study is required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the growth and yield difference between transgenic and WT lines.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.111-125
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• 2001

An estuary is semi-inclosed inlets, located between terrestrial and marine environment. Since many estuaries along south-western coasts of Korean peninsula were affected by human settlements and activities, significant changes in sedimentation environments have been observed. The research area is divided into three distinct morpho-stratigraphic units: fluvial dominated area(Area1), mixed area(Area 2), tide-dominated area(Area3). The landform of this area has been changed by reclamation and river channel change. Temporal variations affected by dam construction, periodic freshet was iterrupted. Sediments began to continuously accmulate on estuary banks by tide. Meanwhile, because of the continuous but reduced discharge of fresh water, the salinity of estuarine sediments was declined. That processes made vegetated area( Phregmites lonivalvis and Suaeda japonica) to be expanded. It indicates that the magnitude and frequency of geomorphic processes has been significantly changed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.275-286
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• 2018

Purpose: Our previous study demonstrated that persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thumb.) at different stages of ripening provided different protective effects against high-fat/cholesterol diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemia in rats. In this study, we compared the metabolites profile and gene expressions related to triglyceride (TG)/cholesterol metabolism in vitro and in vivo after treating with persimmon water extracts (PWE) or tannin-enriched persimmon concentrate (TEP). Methods: Primary and secondary metabolites in test materials were determined by GC-TOF/MS, UHPLC-LTQ-ESI-IT-MS/MS, and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The expression of genes related to TG and cholesterol metabolism were determined by RT-PCR both in HepG2 cells stimulated by oleic acid/palmitic acid and in liver tissues obtained from Wistar rats fed with HFD and PWE at 0, 150, 300, and 600 mg/d (experiment I) or TEP at 0, 7, 14, and 28 mg/d (experiment II) by oral gavage for 9 weeks. Results: PLS-DA analysis and heatmap analysis demonstrated significantly differential profiling of metabolites of PWE and TEP according to processing of persimmon powder. In vitro, TEP showed similar hypolipidemic effects as PWE, but significantly enhanced hypocholesterolemic effects compared to PWE in sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ (CYP7A1), and low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene expression. Consistently, TEP and PWE showed similar hypolipidemic capacity in vivo, but significantly enhanced hypocholesterolemic capacity in terms of SREBP2, HMGCR, and bile salt export pump (BSEP) gene expression. Conclusion: These results suggest that column extraction after hot water extraction may be a good strategy to enhance tannins and long-chain fatty acid amides, which might cause stimulation of hypocholesterolemic actions through downregulation of cholesterol biosynthesis gene expression and upregulation of LDL receptor gene expression.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 2005

The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of onion extracts on mercuryinduced cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in primary monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were incubated for 6 hr in the presence of various concentrations (0, 1, 5, 10, 30 or 50 ppm) of $HgCl_2$. Cytotoxicity and cell viability were determined by measuring glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) value. Lipid peroxidation w as evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay. Effects of onion extract on antioxidant system were determined by measuring catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-Rd) activities as well as DPPH free radical scavenging activity. $HgCl_2$ at the concentration of 10 ppm increased GOT activity and TBARS concentration but decreased %MTT reduction, whereas $HgCl_2$ at the concentration of 30 ppm increased LDH activity, representing that $HgCl_2$ caused cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation in dose-dependent manner, $HgCl_2$ at the concentration of 30 ppm significantly decreased catalase, GSH-Px and GSH-Rd activities. When primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were incubated with various concentrations (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.3 mg/ml) of onion extract for 6 hr in the presence of 30 ppm of $HgCl_2$, onion extracts at the concentration of 0.05 mg/ml decreased GOT activity, but increased %MTT reduction by 30 ppm of $HgCl_2$. $HgCl_2-induced$ LDH activity and TBARS concentration were decreased by onion extract at the concentration of 0.01 mg/ml. Taken together, onion extract prevented H$HgCl_2-induced$ hepatocyte injury and lipid peroxidation. Onion extracts at the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml almost or completely inhibited $HgCl_2-induced$ catalase and GSB-Px activities. GSH-Rd activity, however, was not affected by onion extract. Free radical scavengjing activity was increased as concentration of onion extract increased. Onion extract at the concentrion of 5 mg/ml possesed mote than 93% scavenging activity comparing to 100% radical scavenging activity by pyrogallol solution as a reference. These results demonstrate that onion extracts suppressed mercury-induced cytoctoxicity and lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radical and increasing catalase and GSH-Px activities.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2010

Naringin has antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties, however, phenolic compounds including naringin are unstable in the presence of light, heat and oxygen. Beta-cyclodextrin ($\beta$-CD) is a cyclic heptamer composed of seven glucose units that enhances the stability and solubility of molecules through the formation of inclusion complexes. This study was conducted out to compare the effects of CD-naringin (CD-N) inclusion complexes with naringin on lipid metabolism in high fat-fed animals. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed either CD-N (0.048%, w/w) or naringin (N, 0.02%, w/w) in a 20% high-fat (HFC, 15% lard, 5% corn oil, w/w) diet for 10 weeks. Orlistat (Xenical, 0.01%, w/w) was used as a positive control (PC). There were no differences in body weight, food intake, liver and heart weights, plasma triglyceride(TG), leptin, adiponectin, resistin, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 concentrations, and hepatic $\beta$-oxidation, carnitine palmitoyl transferase(CPT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and malic enzyme activities between the HFC and CD-N groups or between the HFC and N groups. However, both CD-naringin and naringin supplementation les to a significant reduction in the epididymal and perirenal white adipose tissue weights, plasma free fatty acid, insulin and blood glucose concentrations, hepatic cholesterol and TG contents and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS), phosphatidate phosphohydrolase (PAP) and HMG-CoA reductase activities compared to the HFC group. The plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration was significantly higher in CD-N and N groups than in HF and PC groups. These results indicate that both CD-naringin and naringin supplementation effectively improved plasma and hepatic lipid metabolism without differences between CD-N and naringin groups.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.213-221
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• 1998

The effects of differen concentrations of Obosan as a feed additive dietary herb were examined on survival rate, growth, feed conversion ration and condition factor in olive flounder (paralichthys olivaceus). Effectiveness of dietary Obosan with optimized concentration for 48 weeks were also observed with regard to growth performances and yields. All groups fed diets containing 0.15, 0.3 and 0.6% of Obosan revealed significantly higher survival rate than control group (P<0.05). Growth, feed conversion ratio and condition factor of olive flounder fed diets containing Obosan were considerably improved when compared to those of controls (P<0.05). The 0.3% of dietary Obosan was proven to be the optimal concentration in all parameters tested. The dietary Obosan (0.3%) for 48 weeks showed significantly higher surval rate than control (P<0.05), and also improved yields in weight gain (19.0% improvement), specific growth rate (4.8%), feed conversion ratio(13.6%) and condition factor (10.8%), significantly (P<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.276-283
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of isoflavone on the atherogenic effect in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 female mice, 5 weeks of age, were fed on chow diets for 2 weeks during adjustment period. Mice weighing approximately $17.9{\pm}0.9\;g$ were divided into 4 groups and were fed on the experimental diets containing isoflavone for 8 weeks. Experimental groups were control (atherogenic diet), IF-10 (atherogenic diet with isoflavone 10 mg/100 g diet), IF-40 (atherogenic diet with isoflavone 40 mg/100 g diet) and IF-100 (atherogenic diet with isoflavone 100 mg/100 g diet). Food efficiency ratio was not different among the experimental groups. Plasma triglyceride (TG) concentrations were lower after 4 weeks in isoflavone supplementation groups than in control group, whereas monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels of plasma were significantly (p<0.05) decreased in the isoflavone supplementation groups in a dose dependent manner. Both hepatic TG and cholesterol levels were significantly lowered in IF-100 than control. Hepatic glutathione concentrations were higher in the IF-100 group than in the other groups. Hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities including glutathione-reductase, glutathione-peroxidase, catalase, and Mn-superoxide dismutase were significantly higher in the isoflavone supplemen-tation groups in a dose dependent manner. From the above results, it is concluded that isoflavone may reduce the risk of atherosclerosis via hypolipidemic, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.1126-1135
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory actions of genistein in BALB/c mice injected with lopopolysaccharide (LPS), called endotoxin. Mice (10 weeks of age) weighing approximately 20 g were divided into 4 groups. Endotoxin shock was induced by intraperitoneal injection of LPS (100 mg/kg BW). LPS and genistein+LPS groups were injected with LPS 30 min after phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution and genistein (200 mg/kg BW) injections, respectively. Genistein group was injected with genistein, followed by PBS, while PBS group received two injections of PBS. Superoxide anion generation of peritoneal macrophage cells was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the genistein+LPS group than in the LPS injection group at 8 h after intraperitoneal injection, while SOD activity was significantly higher in genistien+LPS group than LPS group. Tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ levels of plasma were significant lower (p<0.05) in the genistein+LPS injection group than LPS group at 8 h after intraperitoneal injection. Plasma TBARS was lower in genistein+LPS group than LPS group, while hepatic TBARS were not different among groups. Hepatic glutathione concentrations and antioxidant enzyme activities were ignificantly higher in the genistein+LPS group than in the LPS group at 1 h and 8 h after intraperitoneal injection. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) transactivation was significantly (p<0.05) inhibited in LPS group. These results demonstrate genistein may ameliorate inflammatory diseases through inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ transactivation and oxidative stress, which may be mediated partially by anti-oxidative effect of genistein.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.454-464
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• 2018

Black soybeans are used as food sources as well as for traditional medicines because they contain an abundance of natural phenolic compounds. In this study, total phenolic contents (TPCs) of Korean black seed coat soybean varieties Socheongja (SCJ), Socheong 2 (SC2) and Cheongja 2 (CJ2) as well as their antioxidant capacities were investigated. Among them, TPCs were abundantly present in the order of CJ2$H_2O_2$-stimulated HaCaT human keratinocytes. Our results revealed that treatment with SCJ and SC2 prior to $H_2O_2$ exposure significantly increases the viability of HaCaT cells, indicating that the exposure of HaCaT cells to SCJ and SC2 conferred a protective effect against oxidative stress. SCJ and SC2 also effectively inhibited $H_2O_2$-induced apoptotic cell death through the blocking of mitochondrial dysfunction. SCJ and SC2 also attenuated the phosphorylation of Histone H2AX. Furthermore, they effectively induced the levels of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) 1, a potent antioxidant enzyme, which is associated with the induction of nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2-like factor 2 (Nrf2); however, the protective effects of SCJ and SC2 were significantly reversed by Auranofin, a TrxR inhibitor. These results indicate that they have protective activity through the blocking of cellular damage related to oxidative stress via the Nrf2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our study indicated that SCJ and SC2 might potentially serve as novel agents for the treatment and prevention of skin disorders caused by oxidative stress.