• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권6호
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• pp.561-564
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• 2008

소나무 재선충병은 우리나라 소나무림에 심각한 위협이 되고 있다. 소나무 재선충병은 보통 5~6월에 감염되지만 10~11월에 비로소 피해목을 육안으로 확인할 수 있어, 피해예방에 큰 어려움을 겪고 있다. 재선충에 의해 소나무가 고사되는 과정중에는 식생활력도가 크게 감소하게 되는데, 이러한 현상은 분광스펙트럼상의 근적외선 영역에서 분광반사의 감소를 수반한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 현상을 토대로 재선충 피해목의 식생활력도 변화를 식생지수 모니터링을 통하여 분석하였다. 휴대가 간편한 근적외선 카메라를 이용하여 재선충 피해지역의 소나무림을 5월부터 11월까지 매월 촬영함으로써 녹색, 적색 및 근적외선 영역대의 분광반사값을 취득하였다. 이렇게 수집된 분광반사값으로부터 피해목의 식생지수(Vegetation Index: VI)의 변화를 분석하였고, 피해목의 식생지수는 감염초기인 6월부터 감소하기 시작한다는 것을 밝힐 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.61-71
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• 2000

The effect of the treatment with CCFZ, FR-4, and PEG400 from butt end on the dimensional stability and bending properties was examined. Three softwood species such as red pine, Korean white pine and Japanese larch and three hardwood species such as poplar, alder and oak were investigated in this research. Shrinkage of red pine, Korean white pine, poplar, and alder treated with PEG400 decreased. However, there was no significant decrease of shrinkage in Japanese larch and oak. The decrease of shrinkage when moisture content changed from about 20% to 10% was larger than that at any other phase. In regard to the effect of treatment on bending properties, bending MOE and MOR of all specimens treated with PEG400 decreased significantly. Especially in the case of red pine, poplar, and alder treated with PEG400, bending MOR reduced 9%, 14%, and 12%, respectively. Reductions of MOR of the hardwood was also much larger than that of the softwood. However, in all species, treatment with CCFZ and FR-4 did not affect the change of bending MOE and MOR significantly. Comparing the large specimen which also included heartwood with the small specimen which included only treated sapwood, there was a difference in the change of bending MOE and MOR between them. The large specimens of Korean white pine, alder and Poplar, which had a relatively low proportion of sapwood(18~22%), showed the decrease of MOR by 11~13% more than that of small specimens, while red pine, Japanese larch and oak, which had a relatively high proportion of sapwood(35~40%), showed little decrease. It means that bending MOE and MOR of structural wood treated from butt end should be considered in terms of sapwood proportion as well as effect of treated chemicals.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.515-525
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• 2016

The Palsangjeon Pagoda is a five-story wooden building in the Beopjusa Temple area in the Songnisan national park in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. According to historical records, it was constructed in either AD 1605 or AD 1626. To specify the construction year more precisely, we took 41 wood samples for tree-ring analysis during repair actions in 2013; 28 from red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), 12 from oak (Quercus spp.), and 1 from fir (Abies spp.). The tree-ring boundaries became clearly visible by smoothing their cross-sectional surface and the tree-ring widths were measured under a stereo microscope. All tree-ring series were compared with each other to establish mean chronologies, which we then compared with local master chronologies established using tree rings collected from wooden elements of the Daeungjeon Hall which is the main building in the Beopjusa Temple area. As a result, it was verified that the red pines were felled in AD 1624 and in AD 1851. Moreover, it was verified that the oaks were also felled in AD 1624 based on cross-dating with the red pine chronology. We concluded that the Palsangjeon Wooden Pagoda was constructed in AD 1626, as mentioned in the historical record (Daeungdaekwangmyeongjeonbulsangki, 1630) and the letters on a purlin on the $4^{th}$ story, using oak and red pine felled in AD 1624 and repaired later on using red pine felled in AD 1851.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2014

Red pine (Pinus densiflora) is widely used traditional medicine, pharmacological and nutritional values from which the phytochemical compounds are derived. The present study was aimed to examine the antibacterial effects in the absence and presence of a immature red pine cone extract against 13 microorganisms. The components in the aqueous extract from immature red pine cone were identified by GC-MS. About 1.4% of total polyphenolic compound was measured in aqueous extract collected from immature red pine cone. Also, the high concentration of ${\beta}$-phellenandrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and aldehyde was detected in total ion chromatograms. Of total 13 microorganisms, 4 microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Listeria monocytogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia were effectively killed by aqueous extract of immature red pine cone. The highest anti-bacterial effect was detected in P. aeruginosa, followed by V. cholera, L. monocytogenes and K. pneumonia. In case of P. aeruginosa, the largest diameter of inhibition zone was maintained to 1/2 solution treated cells and slightly decreased at 1/4 and 1/8 solution treated cells. Also, in test used V. cholera and L. monocytogenes, the inhibition zone was strongly formed in only 1 and 1/2 solution treated cells, while K. pneumonia showed the very small diameter of inhibition zone in all concentrations. Therefore, these results suggested that the aqueous extracts of immature red pine cone should be considered as a new and potentially important anti-bacterial substrate to effectively prevent the microbial infection and penetration.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

우리나라에서 전통주택(한옥) 및 목조건축 문화재의 구조부재로 많이 이용되는 소나무는 천연건조가 일반적이어서 건조에 많은 시간이 소요되고 건조가 불충분하면 수축에 의한 갈라짐 및 변형 등의 결함을 일으킬 수 있다. 소나무 소시험편과 대단면 시험편을 제작하여 함수율상태에 따른 수축률변화를 검토하였다. 특정 함수율 상태에서의 체적수축률을 예측할 경우, 생재상태에서 기건상태, 기건상태에서 전건상태까지의 구간으로 나누어 적용하는 것이 정밀도가 높았다. 변재의 체적수축률은 단면크기에는 상관성이 없으며, 심재는 단면이 커질수록 체적수축률이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

This study was to examine growth, carbon and nitrogen responses in foliage following forest fertilization in a red pine stand. Two types of fertilizer (N:P:K=113:150:37 kg $ha^{-1}$; P:K=150:37 kg $ha^{-1}$) were applied on late April 2011. Growth, carbon and nitrogen responses of foliage were monitored 3 times (July, September, November) after fertilization. Morphological growth responses (dry mass, leaf area, specific leaf area) with foliage age were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by fertilizer application, while needle dry mass and leaf area of July were significantly lower in current-year-old than in one-year-old or two-year-old needles of September or November. Carbon concentration and content in foliage was little affected by fertilizer application compared with sampling month or needle age, while the NPK fertilizer produced high nitrogen concentration and content of foliage. The results indicate that nitrogen concentration and content in foliage may serve as an indicator of the nitrogen status by fertilization in a red pine stand.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.498-508
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the potential of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) inner bark extracts as an antidiabetic agent. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the bark extracts was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column to yield five compounds, which structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were (+)-catehin, (-)-epicatechin, taxifolin, taxifolin-3'-O-${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose and $\tilde{n}$-courmaric acid. The antidiabetic activity of the different fractions, including the crude extracts and isolated compounds, was evaluated by ${\beta}$-cells insulin secretion and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. The insulin secretion was 128% for taxifolin at $25{\mu}g/mL$. However, the other samples had no effect on this test. For the glucose uptake activity assay, $1{\mu}M$ insulin and 2 mM metformin were used as controls. Both the crude extract and taxifolin showed relatively low activity values, but the other samples yielded glucose uptake values over 260%. ${\rho}$-courmaric acid showed the highest uptake (270%). The results confirmed that Korean red pine extracts may be used as a hypoglycemic agent.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.463-468
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• 1993

솔잎혹파리(Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) 방제용으로 소나무의 수간에 주입된 침투성 살충제 phosphamidon(2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate)의 이행 및 분포를 구명하기 위하여 $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]phosphamidon$을 약 10년생의 적송과 해송에 각각 수간주사하였다. 이 약제의 최고이행속도는 적송(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)과 해송(Pinus thunbergii Parl.)에서 각각 약 10 cm/hr(7월)와 2 cm/hr(12월)이었다. 처리된 방사능은 하계의 적송에서는 75일까지 일정한 수준을 유지하였으나 동계의 해송에서는 150일까지 유지하였다. 본 약제가 살충가능한 농도로 top에 도달하는데 걸리는 기간은 적송(7월)에서는 3일 이내인 반면 해송(12월)에서는 15일 이내이었으며, 그 이행정도는 약제처리시기 및 수종에 의하여 영향을 받았다. 솔잎에 잔류하는 phosphamidon과 그 대사산물은 methanol로 잘 추출되었으며, 솔잎시료의 methanol 추출액을 autoradiography한 결과 phosphamidon은 소나무내에서 신속히 분해되어 7일 내에 약 80% 정도가 분해되었다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Objectives : We investigated the anti-aging effect on skin with the extract of the needles of red pine, Pinus densiflora. Methods : We measured various effects related to skin such as the anti-oxidant effect, the protection against ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the induction of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), the reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) synthesis and senescent cell. Results : The results were as follows : The extract of the needles of red pine (RP) had the potent anti-oxidant effect and the ROS scavenging effect. Also RP preserved the systemic anti-oxidant enzyme system (superoxide dismutase and catalase) from UVB irradiation. RP protected the cell membrane from the damages induced by UVB irradiation. RP induced HSP70, a mediator of resistance to UVB irradiation. RP reduced the synthesis of MMP-2 induced by UVB irradiation. And RP inhibited the amount of senescent-associated (SA) ${\beta}-galactosidase$ staining, as a marker of replicative senescence. Conclusions : The results of our study indicate that the extract of the needles of red pine, Pinus densiflora, has anti-aging effects on skin.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 1992

Litterfall, decomposition, and dynamics of n and p in decomposing litter were investigated for 2 years in red pine ( pinus densiflora) and chinese thuja( thuja orientalis)stands in the limestone area. Average litterfall in red pine and chinese thuja stands were 4, 535kgDM ha-1 yr-1 and 5, 010 kgDM ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Seasonal litterfall in red pine and chinese thuja stands showed peaks in November. concentrations of N and P in the needle litter were lowest in the winter when the greast litterfall occurred, and highest in the summer when the least litterfall occurred. However, those in chinese thuja scale leaf litter showed litter seasonal variation.amount of N and P returned to the forest floor through litterfall were 29.02kgN ha-1 yr-1 , 2.81 kg P ha-1 yr-1 for red pine stand, and 31.06 kg N ha-1 yr-1 , 2.86kgP ha-1 yr-1 for chinese thuja stand, respectively. After 21 mounts elapsed, needle and chinese thuja scale leaf litterbags lost 34.8% and 32.5% of the initial weight, respectively. N concentrations in the docomposing needle and chines thuja scale leaf litter decreased by 19% and 30%, respectively, after 1 month elapsed, and then gradually increased to exceed the initial concentration after 9 months elapsed and then gradually increased to exceed the initial concentration after 9 months elapsed in both of them, P in needle and chines thuja scale leaf litter decreased by 54% and 57% of the initial concentration, respectively, after 1 month elapsed. unlike N, P concentration in the decomposing litter did not exceed that of initial ones. Neyt immobilization period of N and P in decomposing litter did not occur over the study period.