• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.233-241
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• 1987

본 연구는 제한된 수의 핵연료의 경험적 파손자료로부터 핵연료 파손 확률을 현실적으로 예측하기 위해 결정론적 모델로부터의 파손화률 예측치와 실제 경험적 자료로부터의 파손 확률 예측치를 접합하는 방법을 시도하였다. 이 접합 방법에 의한 파손 화률 예측치는 결정론적 모델 또는 경험적 파손 자료로부터의 독립적인 예측치보다 신뢰도가 높다. 본 연구에서는 핵연료 성능 예측코드인 SPEAR의 방법론을 응용한 핵연료 파손 패턴의 체계적 발견법 (hierarchical pattern discovery)이 접합 모델에서의 결정론적 모델로부터의 예측치에 대한 가중치와 패턴 경계를 체계적으로 찾기 위해 고안되었다. 이 연구에서 개발된 접합 방법을 PROFIT모델과 경험적 파손자료를 이용하여 CANDU형 핵연료 재장전중 출력 상승에 의해 수반되는 핵연료파손 예측에 적응시켜 보았다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.98-105
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• 2007

본 논문에서는 Maximum Likelihood(ML) 알고리즘을 변형한 Suboptimal ML 타이밍 검출기를 제안한다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 Suboptimal ML방식은 참조신호 생성과정이 Early-Late gate 또는 ML 방식에 비해 간단하면서도 타이밍 검출기의 이득은 거의 동일한 값을 얻을 수 있다. 또한, 타이밍 추적기는 데이터 판별을 이용하기 때문에 적은 타이밍 오차 범위만이 추적 가능하다. 즉, 펄스폭이 0.7ns인 4차 가우시안 모노사이클을 사용하였을 경우, 추적 가능한 타이밍 오차는 ${\pm}0.06ns$이다. 따라서 탐색기는 높은 정확도를 갖는 획득성능을 갖고 있어야 한다. 성능 분석은 잡음뿐만아니라 송신기와 수신기의 펄스 생성과정에서 사용되는 오실레이터 지터를 고려한다. 컴퓨터 모의 실험 결과는 타이밍 검출기의 평균과 분산 및 타이밍 추적기의 추적 성능을 보여준다. 그리고 이동성에 의해 타이밍 오차가 점차적으로 증가하는 경우를 가정하여 추적성능을 제시한다. 본 논문은 타이밍 추적기의 성능을 제시하기 위해 하나의 복조기인 단인 상관기만을 고려한다.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct biomechanical analysis of varying backpack loads on the lower limb movements during downhill walking over $-20^{\circ}$ ramp. Method : Thirteen male university students (age: $23.5{\pm}2.1yrs$, height: $175.7{\pm}4.6cm$, weight: $651.9{\pm}55.5N$) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects. Each subject walked over $20^{\circ}$ ramp with four different backpack weights (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of body weight) in random order at a speed of $1.0{\pm}0.1m/s$. Five digital camcorders and two force plates were used to obtain 3-d data and kinetics of the lower extremity. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants were identified from the video recordings. Ground reaction force, loading rate, decay rate, and resultant joint moment of the ankle and the knee were determined by the inverse dynamics analysis. For each dependent variable, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine whether there were significant differences among four different backpack weight conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results : The results of this study showed that the medio-lateral GRFs at RHC in 20% and 30% body weight were significantly greater than the corresponding value in 0% of body weight. A consistent increase in the vertical GRFs as backpack loads increased was observed. The valgus joint movement of the knee at RTO in 30% body weight was significantly greater than the corresponding values in 0% and 10% body weight. The increased valgus moment of 30% body weight observed in this phase was associated with decelerating and stabilizing effects on the knee joint. The results also showed that the extension and valgus joint moments of the knee were systematically affected by the backpack load during downhill walking. Conclusion : Since downhill walking while carrying heavy external loads in a backpack may lead to excessive knee joint moment, damage can occur to the joint structures such as joint capsule and ligaments. Therefore, excessive repetitions of downhill walking should be avoided if the lower extremity is subjected to abnormally high levels of load over an extended period of time.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1994

4.7T의 고자장 자기공명 영상(Magnetic Resonance imaging : MRI) 장치에서 Tailored RF 경사자계반향(Tailored RF Gradient-Echo : TRGE)기법을 이용하여 phantom 영상과 고양이 뇌의 정맥혈관 영상을 얻었다. 증류수에 MgCl$_2$를 섞어 T1을 짧게한 지름 6cm의 원통형 phantom으로 TRGE기법에 대한 검증을 먼저 하였다. 이후 halothane으로 전신 마취된 몸무게 3.0～4.0kg의 고양이 뇌로부터 얻은 시단면(sagittal slice) 영상에서 Dorsal sagittal sinus, Straight sinus, Vein of corpus callosum과 Internal cerebral vein등의 혈관이 강조되어 나타남을 고양이 뇌의 해부학적 그림과 비교해 보였다. Tailored RF 파형은 ASPECT 3000 computer(스위스 BRUKER사 제품)의 PASCAL 언어를 이용하여 제작하였다. 사각형의 절편모양(slice profile)과 원하는 절편의 두께(slice thickness)에 선택절편내에서 절편방향으로 위상분포가 최대 2$\pi$가 되는 bi-linear ramp 모양을 갖는 절편함수를 공간상에서 Fourier 변환시켜 Tailored RF를 만들었다. TR/TE=205/10 msec, 절편두께 TH=7mm, 화소배열수(matrix size)=256$\times$256, 평면해상도(in-plane resolution)=0.62$\times$0.31mm$^2$, 관심영역 크기(field of view : FOV)=8cm의 영상조건으로 자기공명 TRGE 영상을 얻었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2020

For electronic paper displays using electrophoresis, the response time and reflectivity of the image panel fabricated by filtering are analyzed. For the filtering process, a square wave and ramp wave are applied to white charged particles with a unique q/m value. We divide the sample panels into #1 to #4 according to the applied waveform in the filtering process. Step waves comprising two steps are used to drive the panel; therefore, we divide the driving conditions into D1~D4. The applied voltage at the first stage of the half cycle of the driving waveform moves the charged particles attached via the image force from the electrode, and the applied voltage at the second stage moves the floating charged particles by detaching. As mentioned, four types of driving conditions (D1 to D4) classified according to the half cycle of the driving waveform are applied to the samples #1 to #4), which are classified according to four types of filtering process. When driving condition D1 is applied to the four types of sample panels, the rise time of #1 is 1.59s, #2 is 1.706s, #3 is 1.853s, and #4 is 1.235s, resulting in #4 being relatively faster compared with other sample panels, and showing the same trend in other driving conditions. As a result, we confirm that applying the driving condition D1 causes abrupt movement of the white charged particles injected into the cell. When the same driving waveform (D1) is applied to each sample, reflectivities of 32.1% for #1, 31.4% for #2, 27.9% for #3, and 63.4% for #4 are measured. From the experiment, we confirm that the driving condition D1 (1s of 3.5 V, 9s of 3.0 V) and ramp wave #4 in filtering are desirable for good reflectivity and response time. Our research is expected to contribute to the improvement of the filtering process and optimization of the driving waveform.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.457-466
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• 2013

Wind energy is rapidly becoming significant generating technologies in electricity markets. As probabilistic nature of wind energy creates many uncertainties in the short-term scheduling, additional actions for reliable market operation should be taken. This paper presents a novel approach to evaluate ramping capability requirement for changes in imbalance energy between day-ahead market and real-time market due to uncertainty of wind generation as well as system load. Dynamic ramp rate model has been applied for realistic solution in unit commitment problem, which is implemented in day-ahead market. Probabilistic optimal power flow has been used to verify ramping capability determined by the proposed method is reasonable in economic and reliable aspects. This approach was tested on six-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system with a wind farm. The results show that the proposed approach provides ramping capability information to meet both forecasted variability and desired confidence level of anticipated uncertainty.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2004

on-chip 상에서 발생하는 누화 잡음은 신호의 충실성을 위협하는 매우 중요한 요소이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 최대 누화잡음의 크기를 예측하는 해석적인 방법을 제안한다. 정확한 잡음 수치를 예측하기 위해 연결선의 인덕턴스 성분을 고려하였고, 임의의 램프입력을 사용하였다. 또한 복잡한 누화 잡음 모형에서 최대 누화 잡음을 해석적으로 간단히 구하기 위해 가상의 소스 개념을 도입하였다. 된 연구에서 제안한 방법은 HSPICE 시뮬레이션 결과와 비교하여 최대 상대오차 4.3％ 이내의 정확도를 보였다. 따라서 본 연구는 신호 충실성 보장을 위한 다양한 설계 보조 도구 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 본다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 긴급복구용 팽창재료의 온도에 따른 팽창량 및 강도의 변화를 컵발포 실험과 일축압축강도 실험을 통하여 물리적 특성을 확인하였고, 장기안전성을 확인하기 위하여 가속 압축 크리프 시험을 진행하였다. 크리프 성능을 평가하기 위하여 단기 크리프 시험과 가속 압축 크리프 실험을 실시하였으며, 단기크리프 실험은 팽창재료의 초기 크리프 변형률을 결정하고 시간-온도 중첩정리가 적용된 단계 등온법은 가속시험방법으로 장기 압축 크리프 성능을 평가하였다.

• 전자공학회논문지A
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• 제28A권12호
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• pp.59-64
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• 1991

Thin (25-103$\AA$) SiO$_2$ films are grown using the rapid thermal oxidation processing at temperatures of 105$0^{\circ}C$-115$0^{\circ}C$ for 5-30 sec, in order to investigate the characteristics of ultra thin oxide. For measuring the thickness of oxide TEM, ellipsometry, and C-V method which is taken in the condition of small surface band bending are used and compared. When neglecting the small deviation affected by both interface state and moisture charge effect, those three methods described above give similar results. In order to examine the effect of rapid thermal annealing, part of samples are annealed in N$_2$ ambient. MOS capacitors are fabricated and the characteristics of I-V and C-V are measured. Measurements show that the activation energy of initial thickness of oxide grown during the ramp-up time is of 1.125eV and the activation energy of the oxidation rate is of 0.98eV. As oxidation temperature is increased, dielectric breakdown field E$_{BD}$ is decreased due to the increase of fixed charge density N$_f$ However, E$_{BD}$ is shown to be decreased as increasing the thickness of oxide. The increase of N$_f$ in the early stage of thermal annealing results in the decrease of E$_{BD}$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.399-411
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• 2003

A model predictive control method is applied to design an automatic controller for thermal power control in a reactor core. The basic concept of the model predictive control is to solve an optimization problem for a finite future at current time and to implement as the current control input only the first optimal control input among the solutions of the finite time steps. At the next time step, the second optimal control input is not implemented and the procedure to solve the optimization problem is then repeated. The objectives of the proposed model predictive controller are to minimize the difference between the output and the desired output and the variation of the control rod position. The nonlinear PWR plant model (a nonlinear point kinetics equation with six delayed neutron groups and the lumped thermal-hydraulic balance equations) is used to verify the proposed controller of reactor power. And a controller design model used for designing the model predictive controller is obtained by applying a parameter estimation algorithm at an initial stage. From results of numerical simulation to check the controllability of the proposed controller at the $5\%/min$ ramp increase or decrease of a desired load and its $10\%$ step increase or decrease which are design requirements, the performances of this controller are proved to be excellent.