• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.153-164
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• 2014

Five takju prepared using four types of nuruk (a traditional Korean fermentation starter made of malted wheat; non-cooked, naturally inoculated) labeled SH, SS, JJ, and SJ, and one type of koji (cooked, inoculated with an inoculum) labeled MN, were compared. Titratable acidity, pH, sugars, ethanol, amino acids, organic acids, and microbial changes in samples were measured, and the sensory properties were evaluated. Titratable acidity, alcohol, and organic acid content increased as sugar contents decreased. The overall ethanol concentration of all takju increased over time, reaching a maximum of 13.08-14.96% (w/v) at 7-21 days. The total amino acid contents of takju prepared with nuruk, except for one (SJ), were higher than the takju prepared with koji (MN). Lactic acid bacteria were also isolated from the starters. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes (500 - 600 bp) of 223 isolates revealed that the major strains were in the genera of Leuconostoc, Weissella, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.458-463
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• 2011

Recent studies have revealed that collagen peptide (CP) plays a protective role in skin by improving the activity of antioxidants and acts as an inducer of skin regeneration by positive feedback. In this study, we focused on the beneficial effect of reinforcing the CP skin barrier. To evaluate the skin barrier, hairless mice were exposed to UVB irradiation and acetone-treatment, with or without oral administration of CP. The effects on skin appearance, trans-epidermal water loss, epidermal thickness, and cytokine content were measured using bioengineering and histochemical methods. In the CP treated group, the skin had better appearance and less damage than that of the control. Furthermore, in HaCaT cells, the amount of serinepalmytoyl transferase (SPT) mRNA increased by about 1.6-fold after treatment (CP, 100 mg/L), reflecting that CP can induce SPT expression and reinforce the recovery of skin barrier function. These results suggest that CP is not only an anti-wrinkling agent but also a potent candidate as an epidermal moisturizer.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1046-1051
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• 2011

Diallyl disulfide (DADS), the most prevalent oil-soluble organosulfur compound in garlic, is known to have diverse biological activities, including anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant actions. In this study, we investigated the effect of DADS on the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human liver hepatoma cell line HepG2. Treatment of HepG2 cells by DADS evoked a dose-dependent growth inhibition without significant toxicity to the cells, and also induced the expression of transcription factor Nrf2. However, DADS did not have any enhancing effect on transcription and translation of HO-1 expression in HepG2 cells. In addition, DADS efficiently blocked protein synthesis of HO-1 in HepG2 cells stimulated by CoPP or hemin. But, DADS did not decrease the content of transcripts of HO-1 gene stimulated by CoPP, with accumulation of Nrf2 and small Maf in the nucleus. Based on these results, we conclude that DADS inhibits HO-1 expression by modulation of translational level of CoPP or hemin-induced HO-1 expression in HepG2 cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.839-848
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• 2015

A molecular marker is a molecule contained within a sample taken from an organism or other matter. The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great contribution to our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behavior of various genomes in plants. Recently, functional molecular markers have been developed to detect the presence of major genes from the analysis of pedigreed data in absence of molecular information. DNA markers have developed into many systems based on different polymorphism-detecting techniques or methods such as RFLP, AFLP, RAPD, SSR, SNP, etc. A new class of very useful DNA markers called genic molecular markers utilizing the ever-increasing archives of gene sequence information being accumulated under the EST sequencing projects on a large number of plant species. Functional markers are derived from polymorphic sequences, and are more likely to be involved in phenotypic trait variation. Based on this conceptual framework, the marker systems discussed below are all (gene)-targeted markers, which have the potential to become functional. These markers being part of the cDNA/EST-sequences, are expected to represent the functional component of the genome i.e., gene(s), in contrast to all other random DNA based markers that are developed/generated from the anonymous genomic DNA sequences/domains irrespective of their genic content/information. Especially I sited Poczai et al’ reviews, advances in plant gene-targeted and functional markers. Their reviews may be some useful information to study molecular markers in plants.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2010

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an essential component for collagen biosynthesis and also for the proper functioning of the cardiovascular system in humans. Unlike most of the animals, humans lack the ability to synthesize ascorbic acid on their own due to a mutation in the gene encoding the last enzyme of ascorbate biosynthesis. As a result, vitamin C must be obtained from dietary sources like plants. In this study, we have developed two different kinds of transgenic potato plants (Solanumtuberosum L. cv. Taedong Valley) overexpressing strawberry GalUR and mouse GLoase gene under the control of CaMV 35S promoter with increased ascorbic acid levels. Integration of the these genes in the plant genome was confirmed by PCR and Southern blotting. Ascorbic acid(AsA) levels in transgenic tubers were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The over-expression of these genes resulted in 2-4 folds increase in AsA intransgenic potato and the levels of AsA were positively correlated with increased geneactivity. The transgenic lines with enhanced vitamin C content showed enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses induced by methyl viologen(MV), NaCl or mannitol as compared to untransformed control plants. The leaf disc senescence assay showed better tolerance in transgenic lines by retaining higher chlorophyll as compared to the untransformed control plants. Present study demonstrated that the over-expression of these gene enhanced the level of AsA in potato tubers and these transgenics performed better under different abiotic stresses as compared to untransformed control. We have also investigated the mechanism of the abiotic stress tolerance upon enhancing the level of the ascorbate in transgenic potato. The transgenic potato plants overexpressing GalUR gene with enhanced accumulation of ascorbate were investigated to analyze the antioxidants activity of enzymes involved in the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and their tolerance mechanism against different abiotic stresses under invitro conditions. Transformed potato tubers subjected to various abiotic stresses induced by methyl viologen, sodium chloride and zinc chloride showed significant increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), catalase, enzymes of ascorbate-glutathione cycle enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase(APX, EC 1.11.1.11), dehydroascorbate reductase(DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), and glutathione reductase(GR, EC 1.8.1.7) as well as the levels of ascorbate, GSH and proline when compared to the untransformed tubers. The increased enzyme activities correlated with their mRNA transcript accumulation in the stressed transgenic tubers. Pronounced differences in redox status were also observed in stressed transgenic potato tubers that showed more tolerance to abiotic stresses when compared to untransformed tubers. From the present study, it is evident that improved to lerance against abiotic stresses in transgenic tubers is due to the increased activity of enzymes involved in the antioxidant system together with enhanced ascorbate accumulated in transformed tubers when compared to untransformed tubers. At moment we also investigating the role of enhanced reduced glutathione level for the maintenance of the methylglyoxal level as it is evident that methylglyoxal is a potent cytotoxic compound produced under the abiotic stress and the maintenance of the methylglyoxal level is important to survive the plant under stress conditions.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.87-116
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• 2007

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to examine of the effect of Kami-chungsimyeunjatang(KCSYJT) medicine on the atopy eruption control. Methods : The expression of IgE, IL-4, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IgG2b, IgM, IgG2a and IgG1 level in serum, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production by KCSYJT were analyzed. CD3e+/CD69+, CD4+/CD25+, B220+/IgE+ and B220+/CD23+ positive cells by flow cytometry in splenocytes were assayed and the revelation of CD3e+/CD69+, CD4+/CD8+ and CD4+/CD25+ marker in PBMC, spleen and DLN were observed. The outturn of IL-4, eotaxin 2, CCR3, TARC mRNA in splenocytes werw observed. We also analyzed NC/Nga mice's ear, DLN and neck-back skin after biopy and dye by H&E, and toluidine staining (mast cells marker) method, measured about epidermis and dermis part in comparison with control group. Results : NC/Nga mice suffered from dermatitis very similar to human AD with IgE hyperproduction. Specially, result that measure IgE content in serum on 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks decreased remarkably than control group. After experiment end, result that observe revelation CD3e+/CD69+, CD4+/CD8+ and CD4+/CD25+ marker in PBMC, spleen and DLN establishment observed recover as normal with political background. And decreased than result control group which measure IL-4, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, IgG2b, IgM, IgG2a, IgG1 level in serum, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production secreted in Th1 cell displayed increase by KCSYJT medicines. Ear thickness decrease than control group in result that observe effect that get in ear of a NC/Nga mouse. Course inflammation immunocyte etc.. permeated of result that effect that KCSYJT medicines get to NC/Nga mouse's skin establishment analyzes ear, DLN and neck-back skin after biopy, and dye by H&E, and toluidine staining (mast cells marker) method decreased about epidermis. and inflammation of dermis part remarkably than control group. Immunohistochemical examination of the skin lesion showed decrease by KCSYJT medicines on numbers of mast cells (CCR3) and CD4+ T cells containing IL-4 necessary for IgE. Conclusions : Th1 cell and Th2 cell was observed to be shift by secretion amount of IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ by KCSYJT medicines. Therefore, the KCSYJT medicine turned out to be useful in allergy autoimmune disease.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.604-614
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• 2020

Chronological aging and photoaging affect appearance, causing wrinkles, pigmentation, texture changes, and loss of elasticity in the skin. Phragmites communis is a tall perennial herb used for its high nutritional value and for medicinal purposes, such as relief from fever and vomiting and facilitation of diuresis. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol extract of P. communis rhizome (PCE) on skin aging. The total flavonoid and total phenolic content in PCE were 2.92 ± 0.007 ㎍ of quercetin equivalents (QE) and 231.8 ± 0.001 ㎍ of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 mg of dried extract (n = 3). The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of PCE for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities were 0.96 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. PCE showed inhibitory effects on tyrosinase when L-tyrosine (IC50 = 1.25 mg/mL) and L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (IC50 = 0.92 mg/mL) were used as substrates. PCE treatment up to 200 ㎍/mL for 24 h did not cause any significant cytotoxicity in B16F10 melanocytes, human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs), and HaCaT keratinocytes. In B16F10 melanocytes, PCE (25 and 50 ㎍ /mL) inhibited melanin production and cellular tyrosinase activity after challenge with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH; p < 0.05). In HDFs, PCE suppressed the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and reduced the activity of elastase (p < 0.05). In addition, ultraviolet B (UVB)-mediated downregulation of hyaluronic acid synthase-2 gene expression in HaCaT keratinocytes was also effectively suppressed by PCE treatment. Overall, our results showed that PCE has potential anti-skin aging activity associated with the suppression of hyperpigmentation, wrinkle formation, and reduction in dryness. PCE is a promising candidate for the development of an anti-skin aging cosmetic ingredient.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2010

We described production of bioactive compounds from fungi grown on Korean ginseng-steaming effluents (GSE) for develop high-value added nutraceuticals from Korean GSE. Hansenula anomala KCCM 11473, which grew well in Korean GSE had high RNA content, and its optimal autolysis conditions were established to produce 5'-ribonucleotides (13.9~28.5 mg/g of biomass) at $55^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0 for 24 h. 5'-Phosphodiesterase and adenyl deaminase were not effective in increasing the yield of 5'-ribinucleatides, but the yield of IMP increased significantly only after the addition of 1.0% adenyl deaminase. Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed the highest growth in the GSE medium. 267.1 mg of S. cerevisiae biomass was produced from 1 g of GSE solid and medicinal ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ contents was determined with 0.033 mg. Mucor miehei KCTC 6011 produced approximately 120 mg of chitosan per g-dry mycelium in 84 h at $25^{\circ}C$ when grown in the GSE (pH 8.0) supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract and 0.002% $CuSO_4$. Chitosan produced by M. miehei KCTC 6011 have deacetylated approximately 56% and its viscosity and molecular weight of the chitosan were 80 cps and $1.07\times10^3$ kDa, respectively. The chitosan at 1.5 mg/ml inhibited 73.9% of the mycelium growth of Rhizotonia solani in 60 h.

• Journal of Chitin and Chitosan
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.285-292
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• 2018

In this study, for the purpose of decomposing food waste, the strain was screened from traditional fermented food and soils. The enzyme activity (protease, amylase, cellulase, lipase) experiment was carried out using the paper disc method in 212 strains isolated from 5% NaCl media. Among them, only the strains having enzyme activity of more than 2 (soil) or more than 4 (traditional fermented food) with the halozone of enzyme activity of 15 mm or more were selected first, and microorganism identification through 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. Finally, were identified such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus siamensis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus aquimaris, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus koreensis, Bacillus stratoshericus, Bacillus aryabhattai, Bacillus safensis, Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. 11 species of mixed strains were confirmed that the culture time was 24 hours, the incubation temperature was $30^{\circ}C$ and the optimum pH was 7.0. In order to confirm the degree of decomposition of standard food wastes (100 g) by treating 11 kinds of mixed strains (25%), solid content of more than $2000{\mu}m$ was determined to be 103 g for the sterilized water group and 18 g for the mixed strains group. And the rest was decomposed to a size of less than $2000{\mu}m$.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.74-76
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• 2019

Gram-positive anaerobic bacilli Actinomyces spp. commonly reside on mucosal surfaces of the oropharynx, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Here, we first report the draft genome sequence of Actinomyces georgiae KHUD_A1, isolated from dental plaque of a Korean elderly woman. The genome is 2,652,059 bp in length and has a GC content of 68.06%. The genome includes 2,242 protein-coding genes, 9 rRNAs, and 64 tRNA. We identified 157 KHUD_A1 strain-specific genes, including genes encoding CPBP family intramembrane metalloprotease, bile acid: sodium symporter family protein, Txe/YoeB family addiction module toxin and Phd/YefM family antitoxin. The sequence information of A. georgiae KHUD_A1 will help understand the general characteristics of the bacterial species and the genome diversity of the genus Actinomyces.