• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 2019

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 contains a functional kinase and GTPase domains. A pathogenic G2019S mutation that is the most prevalent among the LRRK2 mutations and is also found in sporadic cases, increases its kinase activity. Therefore, identification of LRRK2 kinase substrates and the development of kinase inhibitors are under intensive investigation to find PD therapeutics. Several recent studies have suggested members of Rab proteins, a branch of the GTPase superfamily, as LRRK2 kinase substrates. Rab proteins are key regulators of cellular vesicle trafficking. Among more than 60 members of human Rab proteins, Rab3, Rab5, Rab8, Rab10, Rab12, Rab29, Rab35, and Rab43 have been identified as LRRK2 kinase substrates. However, most studies have used human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells overexpressing LRRK2/Rab proteins or murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells which are not relevant to PD, rather than neuronal cells. In this study, we tested whether Rab proteins are phosphorylated by LRRK2 in astroglia in addition to neurons. Among the various Rab substrates, we tested phosphorylation of Rab10, because of the commercial availability and credibility of the phospho-Rab10 (pRab10) antibody, in combination with a specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitor. Based on the results of specific LRRK2 kinase inhibitor treatment, we concluded that LRRK2 phosphorylates Rab10 in the tested brain cells such as primary neurons, astrocytes and BV2 microglial cells.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제12권7호
• /
• pp.3096-3102
• /
• 2011

바닐로이드 수용체 TRPV1(transient receptor potential vanilloid 1)은 캡사이신, pH, 열 등의 통증 유발물질에 의해 활성화되는 비특이적 양이온 채널로서 통증발현에 핵심적인 막 단백질이다. TRPV1의 막 수송에 관한 연구가 미미한 가운데 FIP3(family of Rab11 interacting protein 3)가 TRPV1 채널과 결합하여 막수송에 관여한다고 보고되었다. FIP3는 Rab11과 결합하는 단백질인데 최근 Rab11 단백질이 여러 채널 단백질의 막수송에 직접적으로 또는 간접적으로 중요하다고 보고되었다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 Rab11이 TRPV1의 막 수송에서의 역할을 알아보기 위하여 세포 생물학적, 생화학적으로 알아보았다. 공촛점 현미경을 통하여 확인한 결과 Rab11은 실제로 세포내에서 TRPV1과 동일한 위치에서 발현되어 있음을 확인하였다. 하지만 생화학적인 방법인 GST-pulldown을 실시하였을 때 TRPV1과 Rab11간에는 서로 직접적인 결합은 하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 비록 직접적인 결합은 하지 않지만 Rab11이 TRPV1의 막 수송에 관여한다고 가정하고 Rab11의 TRPV1의 막수송에서의 역할을 더 자세히 알아보기 위하여 세포내 Rab11a의 발현을 siRNA를 사용하여 Rab11a의 발현을 50%수준으로 저해한 후 TRPV1의 세포막으로의 이동을 알아본 결과 Rab11 발현 저해 시 세포막에 이동된 TRPV1이 현저히 감소함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 결과로부터 Rab11이 아마도 FIP3을 포함하는 방법으로 TRPV1의 막 수송에 영향을 주는 것으로 결론지을 수 있다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.312-317
• /
• 2011

캡사이신 채널로 알려진 바닐로이드 수용체 TRPV1 (캡사이신채널, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1)은 통증발현에서 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 TRPV1의 활성조절에 관여하는 단백질에 대하여는 알려진 바가 많지 않다. 최근 rat TRPV1과 직접적으로 결합하는 단백질을 탐색하여 mouse Rab11-FIP3 (rab11-family interaction protein 3)가 rat TRPV1과 직접적으로 결합한다는 것이 보고되었다. Rab11은 여러 가지의 세포내 이동에 관여하는 것으로 보고되었다. 그러므로 Rab11-FIP3과의 결합을 통해 TRPV1의 세포막으로의 이동에 관여할 것으로 추측할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 전에 보고된 연구가 mouse와 rat 이라는 다른 종의 단백질끼리의 결합이기 때문에 같은 종에서의 상호작용을 확인하고 Rab11-FIP3의 TRPV1의 세포막으로의 이동에서의 역할을 알아보고자 현재까지 동정되지 않은 rat의 Rab11-FIP3의 유전자를 GenBank 서열을 바탕으로 rat 뇌의 RNA 로부터 cDNA 를 클로닝하여 유전자를 분리하고 TRPV1 과의 관계를 세포생물학적으로 알아보았다. 연구결과 rat의 Rab11-FIP3는 489개의 아미노산 서열을 가지고 있으며 human과는 80%, mouse와는 90% 이상 아미노산 서열의 상동성을 보였다. 조직별 분포는 심장, 뇌, 간, 콩팥, 정소에서 발현되고 있는 것을 northern blot assay와 western blot assay 로 확인하였다. rat 의 뇌조직에서 TRPV1 과 Rab11-FIP3 단백질이 결합하여 colocalize 하는 것을 면역화학방법으로 확인하였다. 이 결합은 같은 family 의 TRPV2 와는 결합하지 않는 특이적 결합이므로 Rab11-FIP3 가 TRPV1 과 상호작용하여 세포막으로의 이동에 관여할 것이라는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국어병학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.99-107
• /
• 2015

Despite its economic importance as an aquaculture species, the molecular and genetic information regarding physiologically important elements in rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) is not completely understood. Rab proteins play a vital role in cellular mechanisms and immunity as one of the key regulators of membrane trafficking. In this investigation, a Rab gene, named as RbRab-5C-like, was identified from Oplegnathus fasciatus. RbRab-5C-like protein exhibited high homology with Rab proteins of other species and possessed signature characteristics of Rab proteins with four conserved cysteine residues. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RbRab-5C-like clustered with other fish counterparts. The RbRab-5C-like genomic sequence possesses six exons and five introns. Transcriptional analysis revealed that RbRab-5C-like was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues with the highest expression occurring in the liver. While the structural and homologic characteristics of RbRab-5C-like suggest a strong conservation of this element in different species, its mRNA distribution implies a wide range of biological significance in rock bream.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제64권6호
• /
• pp.1024-1034
• /
• 2022

Identifying effective biomarkers for the diagnosis of male fertility is crucial for improving animal production and treating male infertility in humans. Ras-related proteins (Rab) are associated with morphological and motion kinematic functions in spermatozoa. Moreover, Rab2A, a Rab protein, is a possible male fertility-related biomarker. The present study was designed to identify additional fertility-related biomarkers among the various Rab proteins. First, the expression of Rab proteins (Rab3A, 4, 5, 8A, 9, 14, 25, 27A, and 34A) from 31 duroc boar spermatozoa was measured before and after capacitation; correlation between Rab protein expression and litter size was evaluated by statistical analysis. The results showed that the expression of Rab3A, 4, 5, 8A, 9, and 25 before capacitation and Rab3A, 4, 5, 8A, 9, and 14 after capacitation were negatively correlated with litter size. Moreover, depending on the cutoff values calculated by receiver operating curves, an increase in litter size was observed when evaluating the ability of the Rab proteins to forecast litter size. Therefore, we suggest that Rab proteins may be potential fertility-related biomarkers that could help select superior sires in the livestock industry.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.553-561
• /
• 2019

Rab25, a member of the Rab11 small GTPase family, is central to achieving cellular polarity in epithelial tissues. Rab25 is highly expressed in epithelial cells of various tissues including breast, vagina, cervix, the gastrointestinal tract, and skin. Rab25 plays key roles in tumorigenesis, mainly by regulating epithelial differentiation and proliferation. However, its role in skin physiology is relatively unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that Rab25 knock-out (KO) mice show a skin barrier dysfunction with high trans-epidermal water loss and low cutaneous hydration. To examine this observation, we investigated the histology and epidermal differentiation markers of the skin in Rab25 KO mice. Rab25 KO increased cell proliferation at the basal layer of epidermis, whereas the supra-basal layer remained unaffected. Ceramide, which is a critical lipid component for skin barrier function, was not altered by Rab25 KO in its distribution or amount, as determined by immunohistochemistry. Notably, levels of epidermal differentiation markers, including loricrin, involucrin, and keratins (5, 14, 1, and 10) increased prominently in Rab25 KO mice. In line with this, depletion of Rab25 with single hairpin RNA increased the expression of differentiation markers in a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Transcriptomic analysis of the skin revealed increased expression of genes associated with skin development, epidermal development, and keratinocyte differentiation in Rab25 KO mice. Collectively, these results suggested that Rab25 is involved in the regulation of epidermal differentiation and proliferation.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제27권2호
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 2023

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer and current therapeutic strategies are limited in their effectiveness. The expressions of Rab5 and the M2 tumor-associated macrophage marker CD163 in tissues were detected by Western blot. The migration and invasion of cells were determined using a Transwell assay. The expressions of the exosome markers were evaluated by Western blot. The polarization of human macrophages (THP-1) was determined by incubation of THP-1 cells with conditioned medium or exosomes collected from MDA-MB-231 cells with indicated transfections or by a coculture system of THP-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The M1 and M2 macrophage markers were evaluated by qRT-PCR. The expression of Rab5 in TNBC was significantly higher than that in normal breast tissue. Rab5 expressions in triple-negative and luminal A breast cancer were higher than those in other molecular subtypes. Higher CD163 expression was observed in triple-negative breast cancer and in triple-negative and luminal B subtypes. Rab5 knockdown suppressed but Rab5 overexpression promoted the migration and invasion capacity of MDA-MB-231 cells. The levels of CD63 and CD9 in the medium of Rab5 knockdown cells were lower than those in control cells, whereas higher levels of CD63 and CD9 were observed in Rab5 overexpression cells. Rab5 knockdown decreased the excretion but did not alter the diameter of the exosomes. Knockdown of Rab5 facilitated the anti-tumor polarization of macrophages, which was partially reversed by Rab5 overexpression. Therefore, Rab5 is expected to be a potential therapeutic target for triple-negative breast cancer.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제40권3호
• /
• pp.278-281
• /
• 2012

Not much is known about the membrane trafficking of TRPV1, a key player in pain transduction. Rab11-FIP3, which plays a role in various intracellular transportation pathways, has been reported to interact with TRPV1. In this study, in order to examine the role of Rab11-FIP3 in the membrane trafficking of TRPV1, Rab11-FIP3 expression in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was inhibited using a siRNA technique. Transportation of TRPV1 to membranes was found to decrease when Rab11-FIP3 expression was inhibited, consistent with the results obtained with TRPV1-transfected HEK cells. Taken together, these results indicate that Rab11-FIP3 plays a role in the membrane trafficking of TRPV1.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제39권2호
• /
• pp.85-92
• /
• 1996

Small GTP-binding proteins are divided into three major group: Ras, Rho and Ypt/Rab. They have the conserved regions designed G1 to G5 that are critical in GDP/GTP exchange, GTP-induced conformational change and GTP hydrolysis. We isolated and characterized genomic DNA or cDNAfragments encoding G1 to G3 domains of small GTP-binding protein Rab and Rho from several plant species using two different PCR-based cloning strategies. Seven rab DNA fragments were isolated from 4 different plants, mung-bean, tobacco, rice and pepper using two degenerate primers corresponding to the GTP-binding domain G1 and G3 in small GTP-binding proteins. The amino acid sequences among these rab DNA fragments and other known small GTP-binding proteins shows that they belong to the Ypt/Rab family. Six rho DNA fragments were isolated from 5 different plants, mung-bean, rice, Arabidopsis, Allium and Gonyaulax using the nested PCR method that involves four degenerate primers corresponding to the GTP-binding domain G1, G3 and G4. The rho DNA fragments cloned show more than 90% homology to each other. Sequence comparison between plant and other known Rho family genes suggests that they are closely related (67 to 82% amino acid identity). Sequence analysis and southern blot analysis of rab and rho in mung-bean suggest than thses genes are encoded by multigene family in mung-bean.

• 천문학논총
• /
• 제25권4호
• /
• pp.141-154
• /
• 2010

In the beginning of the Joseon dynasty, the Royal Astronomical Bureau (觀象監, shortly RAB) was established. After the double RAB had settled down by King Sejong (世宗), it continued to function until 1907. Before the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, the Joseon court had the Inner RAB in the Gyeongbok Palace (景福宮) and the Outer RAB in the Northen District Gwangwha-Bang (北部廣化坊) at the western side of the Changdeuk Palace (昌德宮). In the reign of King Sukjong (肅宗) the double system of the RAB was transformed into the Geumho-Gate (金虎門) Outer RAB and the Gaeyang-Gate (開陽門) Outer RAB. During the reconstruction of the Gyeongbok Palace in the early reign of King Gojong (高宗), the Gaeyang-Gate Outer RAB was replaced by the Yeongchu-Gate (迎秋門) Outer RAB in 1865. All RAB had the Royal Astronomical Observatory (觀天臺, RAO hereinafter), so called the Soganui-platform (小簡儀臺) on which the Soganui (小簡儀) has been put. The Soganui (小簡儀) is a small simplified armillary sphere. While the Gwangwha-Bang RAO handed down from the reign of King Sejong still exists, other RAOs, such as Gyeongbok Palace RAO, Gaeyang-Gate and Yeongchu-Gate RAOs, do not remain. According to our study, the Changgyeong Palace (昌慶宮) RAO was not indeed the RAO with the Soganui.