• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.526-543
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore how public health nurses (PHNs) perceive their roles and duties (R&D), as well as to investigate the change of their R&D, how they manage and solve problems. Methods: The data were collected through focus group interviews. Data were analyzed using Morgan (1998) and Krueger (1998)'s four step analysis. A total of 17 experienced PHNs participated in this study. Results: The results found 5 themes and 19 sub-themes: R&D of health managers and health service providers, factors affecting the changes of PHN's R&D, R&D in adjusting with trends and expanding work field (R&D being reduced, increasing R&D, need to expand R&D), problem with the structure and quality of workforce (lack of nurse manpower, lack of promotion opportunities, increasing non-regular workers, lack of refinement as an expert), and strategies for solving personnel issues (strengthening the job capacity, cultivating professional refinement, strengthening outside activities and political activities, strengthening the roles of PHN-related associations and academy, engagement policy of non-regular workers, expansion of the activity area) Conclusion: PHNs need to recognize their changing R&D and ways they manage and solve problems to enhance their professionalism.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was intended to examine the seasonal differences in outdoor activity times and dietary vitamin D intakes, and explicates their relative impact on improving serum 25-(OH) vitamin D status among Korean young women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 135 free-living women aged 19-39 years in Daegu-Kyungbook, Korea. We compared the results from 52 women for the summer and 83 women for the winter. Dietary intake of vitamin D was assessed by 24 hour recall method for non-consecutive three days as well as by food frequency method. Daily outdoor activity times were derived from 24 hour physical activity diary. Results: The average dietary intake of vitamin D of the participants by 24 hour recall method was 3.1 ${\mu}g$ during the summer, 3.3 ${\mu}g$ during the winter, showing no significant difference between the two seasons. Times spent on outdoor activities (p < 0.01) in the summer (= $23.8{\pm}23.6$ min) were much longer than that in the winter (= $10.8{\pm}13.4$ min). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of participants were $17.5{\pm}7.5$ ng/mL in the summer and $13.4{\pm}4.3$ ng/mL in the winter, showing that the latter was significantly lower than that of the former (p<0.001). The serum 25-(OH) vitamin D levels of subjects were positively related to outdoor activities (r=0.315, p<0.05) during the summer, while related to dietary intake (r=0.252, p<0.05) during the winter. Conclusions: In order to improve the current vitamin D status of Korean young women, nutrition education programs should focus on increasing more dietary intake especially during the winter, and performing more outdoor activities in other seasons.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.323-326
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• 2001

Previous studies have demonstrated that CW252053, a quinazoline antifolate, exhibits potent inhibitory activity against thymidylate synthase (TS) as well as cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines in vitro. In this studys, we evaluated the in vivo antitumor efficacy of CW252053 in the mouse tumor model. Female B6D2F$_1$ mice were injected with LY3.7. 2C TK-/- (thymidine kinase deficient mouse Iymphoma) cells into the gastrocnemius muscle. Then, CW252053 was administered twice daily by intraperitoneal injection for 10 days, and tumor growth was monitored daily by leg diameter measurement. All animals in the vehicle, 5-FU, and low dose (30mgmg/kg CW252053 treated groups died between days 12 and 23 because of the tumor burden. In contrast, dosing with 60 mg/kg of CW252053 produced a cure rat against tumor growth of 37.5% and a survival rate of 50%. Even more significantly, a higher dose of CW252053 (120 mg/kg) elicited both a 100% cure rate and a 100% survival rate at the termination of the study, confirming that this compound has very potent in vivo antitumor activity against tumor growth. During the experimental period of this study no signs of toxicity were observed even at the high CW252053 dosage rate of 120 mg/kg.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.310-333
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• 2007

This paper introduces a relative comparative advantage index and a composite concentration index of university research activity in science and technology. Three hypotheses were tested regarding differences of degree of concentration based on the size of government R&D fund, location of university, and source of foundation, respectively. T-test results imply that there are significant differences of concentration based on the size of R&D fund and source of foundation, while location of university does not show a significant difference. The paper generally suggests that the lesser size of government R&D fund would lead higher level of concentration, and public funded universities tend to maintain far higher concentration ratio. The paper contributes by introducing relevant indexes for analyzing university research competence, concentration and competitiveness, and hence by proposing policy direction and implication for university competitiveness policy.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.6-16
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• 1998

Ceramides are currently emerging as the major skin care ingredients due to !heir barrier properties in the stratum corneum of the human skin. Thus, major cosmetic companies have developed synthetic ceramide analogs for their own use. In this study, several ceramide mimic compounds , new skin barrier lipids, were designed and synthesized, and their physical and biological properties were investigated to evaluate their skin care capability. Several structures were designed from the variation of hydrophobic alkyl chain and hydrophilic moiety by the use of molecular modeling software. The selected targets were synthesized, and their properties and activities were studied as the pure form, in the emulsion, or in the lamellar mixture containing cholesterol and fatty acid. Some compounds, such as 1,3-bis(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-palmitoylamino)-2-hydroxypropane, enhanced the restoration of skin barrier damaged by SDS(sodium dodecyl sulfate), and by acetone treatment. The rate of restoration was comparable to that of natural ceramides. The synthesized compounds alleviated SDS induced skin irritation and facilitated lamellar phase liquid crystal formation. The treatment of 1,3-Dis(N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-palmitoylam ino)-2-hyd roxypropane on the acetone damaged skin revealed that the compound promoted the recovery of intercellular lipid lamellar structure of stratum corneum layer. The replacement of palmitoyl groups of the compound with shorter alkyl chain gave lower emulsion viscosity and liquid crystal density, suggesting easier formulation and poorer barrier activity. Most of the synthesized compounds were non-irritable in various toxicological tests proving that they can be safely introduced to the skin care formulations.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2007

In our study, lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented whey solutions were applied in the soybean soaking process to minimize bacterial contamination and to enrich the biologically functional components of isoflavone and $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Among the 11 LAB tested, Bifidobacteria infantis and a mixed culture (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacteria lactis, and Streptococcus thermophilus; ABT-3) displaying the greatest $\beta$-glucosidase activity were selected to produce improved biologically functional soybean preparations. In the soybean soaking processing (without water spraying), the LAB-cultured 10% whey solution was used to soak and to ferment the soybeans and the fermented soybeans were finally dried by heat-blowing at $55^{\circ}C$. The processing conditions used in this study demonstrated that the final soybean product had a reduced contamination by aerobic and coliform bacteria, compared to raw soybeans, likely due to the decrease in pH during LAB fermentation. The aglycone content of the isoflavone increased up to 44.6 mg per 100 g of dried soybean by the processing method, or approximately 8-9 times as much as their initial content. The GABA contents in the processed samples increased as the processing time of soaking-fermentation proceeded as well. The soybean sample that fermented by ABT-3 culture for 24 hr showed the greatest increase in GABA content (23.95 to 97.79 mg/100 g), probably as a result of the activity of glutamate decarboxylases (GAD) released from the soybean or produced by LAB during the soaking process.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.101-106
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• 2009

Objectives : We investigated the anti-aging effects on skin with 9 Repetitive steaming and fermenting herbal composition extract (FHE). Methods : Herbal composition is comprised of Panax Ginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa, Polygonum multiflorum and Polygonatum Sibiricum. They steamed and fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactobacillus brevis by turns at 9 times. We measured various effects related to skin aging such as scavenging activity against free radical, cell proliferation, collagen synthesis and toxicity of 9 repetitive steaming and fermenting herbal composition extract were evaluated and compared with herbal composition extract (HE). Results : As the number of steaming and fermenting cycle increased free-radical scavenging activity were increased. But cell proliferating ratio was not increased when the number of steaming and fermenting cycle. The FHE could significantly increase the collagen synthetic ratio compared with HE treated group. And, FHE was showed no toxicity at all tested concentrations. Conclusions : The results of our study propose that FHE has good anti-aging effects on skin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.405-408
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• 2004

Several hydroxamic acid derivatives are synthesized to observe retinoidal effect and transactivation potential for $RAR{\alpha}/{\gamma]$ is screened. Among the synthesized compounds, N-(4-N-hydroxycarbamoyl )phenyl) [4-(tert-butyl )phenyl] carboxamide (2f) showed the best compatibility for potent $RAR{\alpha}/{\gamma].$ The acidic hydroxy of hydroxamic acid was easily deprotonated to form an enolate. A formed enolate has a similar role like that of all-trans-retinoic acid. This is the first example of the hydroxamic acid derivative with retinoidal activity. The retinoidal activity of 2f was further confirmed by enhancing activity for the expression of retinoid-responsive genes. To evaluate the possibility for anti.-aging agent, effect on the expression of MMP-1 was measured comparing with all-trans-retinoic acid and retinol. At 10 uM treatment, compound 2f inhibited the expression of MMP-1. These results suggest that new hydroxamic acid derivative 2f could be used as a promising anti-aging agent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and skin whitening effects of Artemisia iwayomogi extract. Artemisia iwayomogi was extracted with 100% ethanol and water. The antioxidative and skin whitening effects of these extracts were determined with in vitro assays by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method assessing the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Radical scavenging activity of the extracts was tested by DPPH assay which showed a high DPPH radical scavenging activity ($SC_{50}$; 17.1 ppm in EtOH, 198.4 ppm in water). In term of tyrosinase inhibitory activity, Artemisia iwayomogi ethanol extract showed high inhibition activity ($IC_{50}$: 481.8 ppm). In B16 mouse melanoma cells, the ethanol extract significantly inhibited melanin synthesis by 36.8% at a concentration of 50 ppm. These results suggest that Artemisia iwayomogi ethanol extract has significant antioxidant activity and whitening activity.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.744-754
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• 2013

Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis for recently synthesized imidazole-(benz)azole and imidazole - piperazine derivatives was studied for their anticancer activities against breast (MCF-7) cell lines. The statistically significant 2D-QSAR models ($r^2=0.8901$; $q^2=0.8130$; F test = 36.4635; $r^2$ se = 0.1696; $q^2$ se = 0.12212; pred_$r^2=0.4229$; pred_$r^2$ se = 0.4606 and $r^2=0.8763$; $q^2=0.7617$; F test = 31.8737; $r^2$ se = 0.1951; $q^2$ se = 0.2708; pred_$r^2=0.4386$; pred_$r^2$ se = 0.3950) were developed using molecular design suite (VLifeMDS 4.2). The study was performed with 18 compounds (data set) using random selection and manual selection methods used for the division of the data set into training and test set. Multiple linear regression (MLR) methodology with stepwise (SW) forward-backward variable selection method was used for building the QSAR models. The results of the 2D-QSAR models were further compared with 3D-QSAR models generated by kNN-MFA, (k-Nearest Neighbor Molecular Field Analysis) investigating the substitutional requirements for the favorable anticancer activity. The results derived may be useful in further designing novel imidazole-(benz)azole and imidazole-piperazine derivatives against breast (MCF-7) cell lines prior to synthesis.