• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.635-644
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• 2020

This paper examines the types and functions of politeness in German communication and how politeness strategy can be realized. 'Politeness' is not a grammatical terminology in German, but it can be found in many places in grammar. The criteria for politeness are not only organized according to the rules of the language system, but the boundaries are ambiguous because non-language factors affect communication. Politeness is an important strategic element as well as social value. The polite expression first appears in the grammatical level of invariant with the form of address according to the familiarity between the conversational parties, verb modus, and modal particle. Modal particle with familiarity is considered to be a positive politeness strategy that limits the listener's speech by weakening or avoiding face threatening act. Modal verbs is classified as polite expressions that do not impose a psychological burden by not forcing the listener to make a direct request. The results of this study are therefore expected to suggest a rationale for empirical research on politeness in German communication.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.8-16
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• 2010

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects 4-12% of chool-age children worldwide and is characterized by three core symptoms: hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Although standard pharmacological treatments, such as methylphenidate and atomoxetine, are available, concerns about drug-induced psychological and cardiovascular problems, as well as growth retardation and sleep disturbances, highlight the continuing need for new therapeutic interventions. Using a neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity model in rats, the potential positive role that oral administration of red ginseng extract may have in relation to the hyperactive phenotype was investigated. Hypoxia was induced in 2-day-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups by placing them in a nitrogen chamber for 15 min. The neonatal hypoxia-induced rats showed a significant increase in hyperactivity phenotype, such as increased movement duration, movement distance, and rearing frequency, which was determined by monitoring their spontaneous locomotor activity using the Ethovision video tracking system. One week of oral treatment with red ginseng extract decreased the hyperactivity phenotype of the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats and increased the locomotor activity of the control rats. In the neonatal hypoxia-induced rats, expression of the norepinephrine transporter in the forebrain was increased, and red ginseng treatment partially prevented its up-regulation, while increasing its level in the control rats. Taken together, these results suggest that red ginseng extract decreased the neonatal hypoxia-induced hyperactivity phenotype, although it increased locomotor activity in normal animals.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.25-35
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• 1999

This thesis is to newly understand the value and the meaning of Chonju Palkyong(全州八景) by the specific gravity in making a counter-proposal in other to improve the landscape identity of modern city and at the same time. I intended to group the grafting device for the preservation and regeneration of modern history cultural environment through the interpretation of landscape construction. The meaning system of Chonju Palkyong showed the symbolic system which a landscape construction, four directions and two places has and exhibited the landscape shape possessing a luxuriant local feature peculiar to Chonju, preserving visual bound language of a classical Palkyong. Especially, it implies the use of the substantial landscape experienced factor, the expressions about natural phenomena and the matter which has melted human living circumstances. The landscape construction and it's form show the system which forms the different time field, a far landscape and a mid distance landscape and a near landscape, etc., under the visual, psychological, scenic influenced area, preserving the feature of the similar and typical type of Sosang Palkyoung（瀟湘八景) which intended to seek the local reappearance of the famous site experienced type and natural matter which famous place and local conduct were combined. The object space of Chonju Palkyong area representing the nature of historical landscape cultural assets, pushed by the greater part of the development based theory, shows injured aspects, but needs to play a part to seek such a up-to-date successive plan as the reconstruction of the destroyed historical landscape area which motivated Palkyong, the establishment of useful area, the embodiment of the cultural identity of Palkyong area and the becoming of the educational cultural life space. The analysis of the landscape construction of Chonju Palkyong and the grouping of the modern successive plan which I considered in this thesis, will be able to become a fundamental data to carry out the preservation of historical landscape and the landscape plan in the city.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.376-383
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• 2012

A number of scientific researches are currently being conducted on the potential health hazards of power frequency electric and magnetic field (EMF). There exists a non-objective and psychological belief that they are harmful, although no scientific and objective proof of such exists. This possible health risk from ELF magnetic field (MF) exposure, especially for children under 17 years of age, is currently one of Korea's most highly contested social issues. Therefore, to assess the magnetic field exposure levels of those children in their general living environments, the personal MF exposure levels of 436 subjects were measured for about 6 years using government funding. Using the measured database, estimation formulas were developed to predict personal MF exposure levels. These formulas can serve as valuable tools in estimating 24-hour personal MF exposure levels without directly measuring the exposure. Three types of estimation formulas were developed by applying evolutionary computation methods such as genetic algorithm (GA) and genetic programming (GP). After tuning the database, the final three formulas with the smallest estimation error were selected, where the target estimation error was approximately 0.03 ${\mu}T$. The seven parameters of each of these three formulas are gender (G), age (A), house type (H), house size (HS), distance between the subject's residence and a power line (RD), power line voltage class (KV), and the usage conditions of electric appliances (RULE).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.246-254
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• 2018

Psychological stress and physical fatigue, such as anxiety, fear, sleep disturbance, etc., caused by exposure to the war, can lead to post-traumatic stress syndrome(PTSD) or war syndrome. The military has also prepared for drug use to minimize war syndrome and preserve combat strength. However, efforts to prevent war syndrome are still lacking. This study was conducted to identify biomarkers that can track psychophysiological changes. Psychophysiological changes associated with PTSD can be divided into four main categories. The four categories are behavioral changes, changes in brain cognition, neuroimmunological changes, and changes in innate immunity. This study suggest that biomarker profile can be made by the distance moved and the anxiety-like behavior in the open field for behavior category, brain BDNF levels in the brain cognition category, serum corticosterone in the neuroimmunology category, and inflammatory cytokine levels in the innate immunity category.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2313-2326
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• 2018

The method of operating a game could determine the psychological distance between the player and the game character, and thus, in the Virtual Reality, players' control methodologies are important to enhance their immersion. This study has the objective of examining the difference in games according to the method of operation based on the player's movements. This study researched the effect of the method of operating movement conforming to the movement of the character and the physical operation of the body on forming game experiences for the player. The result of performing an experiment increased reality for the game player through a controller in the shape of the actual control, to increase focus in the game. As so, game play through movements, including actual movements by the player displayed to enhance game satisfaction. In the part of media remediation field, Game can be defined as media which has their own unique hypermediacy. Especially, in the motion based game, players' movement mediates players and the game, therefore, players' movement could make players' experience augmented or immediate in accordance with the characteristics of movements. Even though sports and dances genres of motion-based games are common, RPG or adventure genres are rare. It can be explained that the characteristics of the action have been explained in the immediacy. In a game of fantasy, which is difficult to experience in real-life situations, the nature of the player's motion can increase the immersion of the game, which can contribute to utilization of players' motion and experience design in the various genres and suggestion of grounds theory. In addition, through this study, it is able to design motion-based games of various genres.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.34
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• pp.201-236
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• 2014

Juan $Mars{\acute{e}}$ was born in 1933 in Barcelona. Being the son of a City cleaner, he was able to watch, from a very early age, all the films he desired, as many times as he wished. This privilege meant a great help in future years, when having to develop the plots and characters of his works. In his last (latest) novel, Caligrafía de los $sue{\tilde{n}}os$, published in 2011, as he has done in his previous works he uses a cinematographic frame again. The explicit references to Hollywood's Golden Age -such as John Ford's Stagecoach and Cecil B. DeMiller's The Plainsman- bring very specific and vivid images to the reader's mind, leading to clear physical and psychological associations. The aim is achieved: the reader's attention is caught immediately. However, characters, plot and cinematographic structures are actually distracting mirages. They make the reader expect a predictable ending which, in fact, will be very different. Therefore, the surprised reader must step back, in order to approach the main topics of the novel from a certain distance. Doing so, he's following the Theory of the Distancing Effect. He becomes aware of the need of a new perspective on social problems that he had considered as familiar justo a few moments before. Thus, he is getting prepared for a more objective interpretation, such as the futility of war and the ideological differences that led to the (Spanich) Civil War and all its devastationg effects.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.157-173
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• 2020

In accommodation sharing economy, customers take a risk of uncertainty about product quality, which is an important factor affecting users' satisfaction. This risk can be lowered by the information disclosed by the facility provider. Self-presentation of the hosts can make a positive effect on listing performance by eliminating psychological distance through emotional interaction with users. This paper analyzed the self-presentation text provided by Airbnb hosts and found key aspects in the text. In order to extract the aspects from the text, host descriptions were separated into sentences and applied the Attention-Based Aspect Extraction method, an unsupervised neural attention model. Then, we investigated the relationship between aspects in the host description and the listing performance via linear regression models. In order to compare their impact between the three facility types(Entire home/apt, Private rooms, and Shared rooms), the interaction effects between the facility types and the aspect summaries were included in the model. We found that specific aspects had positive effects on the performance for each facility type, and provided implication on the marketing strategy to maximize the performance of the shared economy.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.186-194
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• 2023

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) is important for collaboration between professionals in the team-based practices of the healthcare field. Objectives: This study aimed to examine pharmacy students across in Korea on the experience of IPE and the perceptions of the importance of interprofessional collaboration (IPC) and the need of IPE. Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a 20 questionnaire to pharmacy students nationwide was conducted from March to May 2019. Results: A total of 555 students from 32 pharmacy schools participated. They recognized that the importance of close pharmacist-medical doctor collaboration was an average of 5.38 points (out of 6 points), but the current level of pharmacist-to-medical doctor collaboration was an average of 2.51 points (out of 6 points), and the reasons for the insufficient IPC were the lack of an environment encouraging mutual cooperation (79.5%) and the psychological distance to the other professional (35.3%). They perceived the necessity of IPE between pharmacistmedical doctor was 4.95 points (out of 6 points), with the curriculum including how to cooperate with medical doctors (78.2%), communication skills (51.0%), and understanding of medical doctors' functions (44.5%), etc. Only 52 respondents (9.4%) had experience in IPE. Respondents who recognized the importance of IPC (≥5 points) showed 4.44-fold higher agreement on the need for IPE than those who did not (≤4 points) (OR 4.44, 95% CI 2.56, 7.68). Conclusions: Further attention and discussion to add IPE program in the pharmacy school curriculum is necessary in order to cultivate pharmacists with sufficient professional collaboration capabilities.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.60-71
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify changes in the experience rate and level of symptoms of visual display terminal syndrome in college students attending online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Data were collected from February 22 to June 8, 2021 at three measurement points. A total of 117 college students were administered a visual display terminal syndrome survey just before online classes (T1), one month after the start of online classes (T2), and three months after the start of online classes (T3). The collected data were analyzed by frequency and percentage, paired t-test, McNemar test, and repeated measures analysis of variance using the IBM SPSS 25.0 program. Results: The intensity of college students' visual display terminal syndrome during online classes increased at T2 and T3 compared to T1. The rate of experiencing back discomfort or pain increased abruptly at T2 compared to T1. The intensity of college students' eye related symptoms and skin related symptoms increased at T2 and T3 compared to T1, while the intensity of college students' psychological symptoms, general body discomfort, and musculoskeletal symptoms increased at T3 compared to T1. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that self-care programs are needed to prevent visual display terminal syndrome in college students who are in long-term online classes.