• 한국압력기기공학회 논문집
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.34-41
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• 2011

Wrought nickel-base superalloys are being considered as the structural materials in very-high temperature gas-cooled reactors. To understand the effects of impurities, especially oxygen, in helium coolant on the mechanical properties of Alloy 617, creep tests were performed in high temperature flowing He environments with varying $O_2$ contents at 800, 900, and $1000^{\circ}C$. Also, creep life in static He was measured to simulate the pseudo-inert environment. Creep life was the longest in static He, while the shortest in flowing helium. In static He, impurities like $O_2$ and moisture were quickly consumed by oxidation in the early stage of creep test, which prevented further oxidation during creep test. Without oxidation, microstructural change detrimental to creep such as decarburization and internal oxidation were prevented, which resulted in longer creep life. On the other hand, in flowing He environment, surface oxides were not stable enough to act as diffusion barriers for oxidation. Therefore, extensive decarburization and internal oxidation under tensile load contributed to premature failure resulting in short creep life. Limited test in flowing He+200ppm $O_2$ resulted in even shorter creep life. The oxidation samples showed extensive spallation which resulted in severe decarburization and internal oxidation in those environments. Further test and analysis are underway to clarify the relationship between oxidation and creep resistance.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.147-151
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• 2007

Cu-free multi-component sol, of which final oxide composition becomes $Bi_{1.9}Pb{0.35}SrCaO,\;Bi_{1.8}Pb_{0.2}SrCaO\;and\;Bi_{1.5}SrCaO$, respectively, was prepared through sol-gel route and coated on a bare Cu substrate. Starting materials were metal-alkoxides as follows.; [$Bi(OC_{2}H_{5})_{3}\;Pb(O^{1}C_{3}H_{7})_{2},\;Sr(O^{i}C_{3}H_{7})_{2},\;Ca(OC_{2}H_{5})_{2}$] as a reagent grade. Transparent light yellowish sol was obtained in the case of $Bi_{1.9}Pb_{0.35}SrCaO\;and\;Bi_{1.8}Pb_{0.2}SrCaO$ composition and $Bi_{1.5}SrCaO$ composition's sol was light greenish. Each sol was repeatedly dip-coated on Cu substrate four times and pre-heated at $400^{\circ}C$ and finally heat-treated in the range of $740{\sim}900^{\circ}C$. In the results, crystalline phases confirmed by XRD were (2201) orthorhombic and monoclinic phases. However, only $Bi_{1.9}Pb_{0.35}SrCaO_{x}$ composition showed pseudo-superconductive behavior after heat-treatment at $900^{\circ}C$ for 12 seconds and then onset temperature was 77 K, even though it did not exhibit zero resistance below Tc.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 하중 조건에 따른 지반-말뚝 상호작용 시스템의 거동 차이를 분석하기 위해 일련의 원심모형 실험을 수행하였다. 정적 하중 조건의 경우, 말뚝 직경의 50% 수준까지 변위제어를 통해 하중을 재하하였으며, 지진 하중 조건의 경우 0.1g~0.4g 수준으로 1Hz 정현파를 가진하였다. 실험 결과로부터 얻은 정적 및 동적 p-y 곡선을 API p-y 곡선과 비교한 결과, API p-y 곡선과 정적 하중조건에서의 실험 p-y 곡선은 최대 지반반력 값이 20% 이내의 오차를 보인 반면, 동적 하중 조건에서의 실험 p-y 곡선과는 최대 지반반력 값이 5배 이상 차이가 발생하였다. 이는 등가정적 해석에서 기존 API p-y 곡선을 적용할 경우 비선형 영역에서 지반 반력을 크게 과소평가하며 보수적 설계를 야기할 수 있음을 의미한다.

• Advances in environmental research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2016

Magnetic nano-based sorbents have been synthesized for the recovery of two rare earth elements (REE: Nd(III) and Yb(III)). The magnetic nano-based particles are synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal procedure involving co-precipitation under thermal conditions of Fe(III) and Fe(II) salts in the presence of chitosan. The composite magnetic/chitosan material is crosslinked with epichlorohydrin and modified by grafting alanine and serine amine-acids. These materials are tested for the binding of Nd(III) (light REE) and Yb(III) (heavy REE) through the study of pH effect, sorption isotherms, uptake kinetics, metal desorption and sorbent recycling. Sorption isotherms are well fitted by the Langmuir equation: the maximum sorption capacities range between 9 and 18 mg REE $g^{-1}$ (at pH 5). The sorption mechanism is endothermic (positive value of ${\Delta}H^{\circ}$) and contributes to increase the randomness of the system (positive value of ${\Delta}S^{\circ}$). The fast uptake kinetics can be described by the pseudo-second order rate equation: the equilibrium is reached within 4 hours of contact. The sub-micron size of sorbent particles strongly reduces the contribution of resistance to intraparticle diffusion in the control of uptake kinetics. Metal desorption using acidified thiourea solutions allows maintaining sorption efficiency for at least four successive cycles with limited loss in sorption capacity.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.127-139
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• 2019

Residual drifts after an earthquake can incur huge repair costs and might need to replace the infrastructure because of its non-reparability. Proper functioning of bridges is also essential in the aftermath of an earthquake. In order to mitigate pounding and unseating damage of bridges subjected to earthquakes, a self-adaptive Ni-Ti shape memory alloy (SMA)-cable-based frictional sliding bearing (SMAFSB) is proposed considering self-adaptive centering, high energy dissipation, better fatigue, and corrosion resistance from SMA-cable component. The developed novel bearing is associated with the properties of modularity, replaceability, and earthquake isolation capacity, which could reduce the repair time and increase the resilience of highway bridges. To evaluate the super-elasticity of the SMA-cable, pseudo-static tests and numerical simulation on the SMA-cable specimens with a diameter of 7 mm are conducted and one dimensional (1D) constitutive hysteretic model of the SMAFSB is developed considering the effects of gap, self-centering, and high energy dissipation. Two types of the SMAFSB (i.e., movable and fixed SMAFSBs) are applied to a two-span continuous reinforced concrete (RC) bridge. The seismic vulnerabilities of the RC bridge, utilizing movable SMAFSB with the constant gap size of 60 mm and the fixed SMAFSBs with different gap sizes (e.g., 0, 30, and 60 mm), are assessed at component and system levels, respectively. It can be observed that the fixed SMAFSB with a gap of 30 mm gained the most retrofitting effect among the three cases.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.439-452
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• 2022

A forecast of slope behavior during catastrophic events, such as earthquakes is crucial to recognize the risk of slope failure. This paper endeavors to eliminate the significant supposition of predefined slip surfaces in the slope stability analysis, which questions the relevance of simple conventional methods under seismic conditions. To overcome such limitations, a methodology dependent on the slip line hypothesis, which permits an automatic generation of slip surfaces, is embraced to trace the extreme slope face under static and seismic conditions. The effect of earthquakes is considered using the pseudo-static approach. The current outcomes developed from a parametric study endorse a non-linear slope surface as the extreme profile, which is in accordance with the geomorphological aspect of slopes. The proposed methodology is compared with the finite element limit analysis to ensure credibility. Through the design charts obtained from the current investigation, the stability of slopes can be assessed under seismic conditions. It can be observed that the extreme slope profile demands a flat configuration to endure the condition of the limiting equilibrium at a higher level of seismicity. However, a concurrent enhancement in the shear strength of the slope medium suppresses this tendency by offering greater resistance to the seismic inertial forces induced in the medium. Unlike the traditional linear slopes, the extreme slope profiles mostly exhibit a steeper layout over a significant part of the slope height, thus ensuring a more optimized solution to the slope stability problem. Further, the susceptibility of the Longnan slope failure in the Huining-Wudu seismic belt is predicted using the current plasticity approach, which is found to be in close agreement with a case study reported in the literature. Finally, the concept of equivalent single or multi-tiered planar slopes is explored through an example problem, which exhibits the appropriateness of the proposed non-linear slope geometry under actual field conditions.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.66-71
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• 2022

In this article, Pb₂Ba_1.7Sr_0.3Ca₂Cu₃O_10+δ superconductor material was synthesized using conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated one dominant phase 2223 and some impurities in the product powder. The strongest peaks in the XRD pattern were successfully indexed assuming a pseudo-tetragonal cell with lattice constants of a = 3.732, b = 3.733 and c = 14.75 Å for a Pb-Based compound. The crystallite size and lattice strain between the layers of the studied compound were estimated using several methods, namely the Scherrer, Williamson-Hall (W.H), size-strain plot (SSP) and Halder Wagner (H.W) approach. The values of crystallite size, calculated by Scherrer, W.H, SSP and H.W methods, were 89.4540774, 86.658638, 87.7555823 and 85.470086 Å, respectively. Moreover, the lattice strain values obtained by W.H, SSP and H.W methods were 0.0063240, 0.006325 and 0.006, respectively. It was noted that all crystallite size results are consistent; however, the best method is the size-strain plot because it gave a value of R² approaching one. Furthermore, degree of crystallites was calculated and found to be 59.003321%. Resistivity analysis suggests zero-resistance, which is typical of superconducting materials at critical temperature. Four-probe technique was utilized to measure the critical temperature at onset T_c(onset), zero resistivity T_{c(off set)}, and transition (width ΔT), corresponding to temperatures of 128 K, 116 K, and 12 K, respectively.

• Composites Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.148-157
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 탄소섬유, 탄화규소섬유 그리고 하이브리드섬유를 강화재로 하여 TGCVI와 PIP 혼합 공정으로 $C_f/SiC$, $SiC_f/SiC$, $C_f-SiC_f/SiC$의 세라믹복합재를 제조하였다. 열충격싸이클시험, 3점 굴곡시험과 Oxy-Acetylene 토취 시험후에 그들의 기계적물성, 산화저항성과 내삭마성을 평가하였다. $C_f/SiC$복합재는 온도 증가에 따라서 기계적물성의 감소와 준 연성의 파단모드, 그리고 높은 삭마량을 보였다. $SiC_f/SiC$복합재는 $C_f/SiC$ 복합재에 비하여 강한 기계적물성, 낮은 삭마량을 그리고 취성의 파단모드를 나타냈다. 한편 하이브리드 복합재는 가장 우수한 기계적물성과 $SiC_f/SiC$보다는 연성의 파단모드 그리고 $C_f/SiC$ 보다 낮은 삭마량의 결과를 나타냈다. Oxy-Acetylene 토취 시험 중에 SiC매트릭스는 산화되어 $SiO_2$층을 형성하였으며, 특히 이 층은 $C_f-SiC_f/SiC$와 $SiC_f/SiC$ 복합재에서 섬유의 추가적인 삭마를 막는 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 낮은 기공율을 갖는 하이브리드 복합재를 제조한다면, $C_f/SiC$의 산화로 인한 기계적물성의 감소와 $SiC_f/SiC$ 복합재의 취성 파단모드의 개선으로 고온 산화분위기에서 고온열구조재로의 적용이 높을 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.97-110
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• 2019

해상풍력 구조물을 지지하는 말뚝기초는 바람, 파랑, 조류 등에 의한 횡방향 반복하중을 지배적으로 받는다. 해상풍력 구조물의 안정적인 성능확보를 위해서 횡방향 반복하중을 받는 말뚝기초의 지지거동을 적절히 평가해 설계에 적용할 필요가 있으며, 말뚝 및 지반을 각각 탄성빔과 비선형 스프링으로 가정하는 p-y 곡선방법이 가장 널리 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 조밀한 포화 실트질 모래지반에 설치되어 횡방향 반복하중을 받는 말뚝기초의 p-y 거동을 평가하기 위해서, 1g 모형말뚝시험을 수행했다. 모형시험 결과, 말뚝에 횡방향 반복하중 재하 시 p-y 곡선의 강성(초기기울기 및 최대지반반력)이 점차 감소했다. p-y 곡선의 강성감소는 반복하중의 크기가 크고 지표면에 가까운 위치에서 더 명확하게 나타났는데, 상기조건에서 말뚝 주변지반의 교란효과가 크게 발생해 지반의 지지능력이 더욱 크게 감소했기 때문이다. 모형시험 결과를 활용해 조밀한 포화 실트질 모래지반에 설치되어 횡방향 반복하중을 받는 말뚝기초의 p-y 곡선을 제안했다. 등가정적해석을 통해 예측된 말뚝거동을 모형시험결과와 비교한 결과, 제안된 식을 통해 비교적 조밀하고 포화된 실트질 모래지반에서 반복하중을 받는 말뚝의 횡방향 지지거동을 적절히 평가할 수 있음을 확인했다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2010

This paper investigates the dependence of a-Si:H/c-Si passivation and heterojunction solar cell performances on various cleaning processes of silicon wafers. It is observed that the passivation quality of a-Si:H thin-films on c-Si wafers depends highly on the initial H-termination properties of the wafer surface. The effective minority carrier lifetime (MCLT) of highly H-terminated wafer is beneficial for obtaining high quality passivation of a-Si:H/c-Si. The wafers passivated by p(n)-doped a-Si:H layers have low MCLT regardless of the initial H-termination quality. On the other hand, the MCLT of wafers incorporating intrinsic (i) a-Si:H as a passivation layer shows sensitive variation with initial cleaning and H-termination schemes. By applying the improved cleaning processes, we can obtain an MCLT of $100{\mu}sec$ after H-termination and above $600{\mu}sec$ after i a-Si:H thin film deposition. By adapting improved cleaning processes and by improving passivation and doped layers, we can fabricate a-Si:H/c-Si heterojunction solar cells with an active area conversion efficiency of 18.42%, which cells have an open circuit voltage of 0.670V, short circuit current of $37.31\;mA/cm^2$ and fill factor of 0.7374. These cells show more than 20% pseudo efficiency measured by Suns-$V_{oc}$ with an elimination of series resistance.