• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.446-453
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• 2010

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze the biomechanical effects of three different constrained types of an artificial disc on the implanted and adjacent segments in the lumbar spine using a finite element model (FEM). Methods : The created intact model was validated by comparing the flexion-extension response without pre-load with the corresponding results obtained from the published experimental studies. The validated intact lumbar model was tested after implantation of three artificial discs at L4-5. Each implanted model was subjected to a combination of 400 N follower load and 5 Nm of flexion/extension moments. ABAQUS$^{TM}$ version 6.5 (ABAQUS Inc., Providence, RI, USA) and FEMAP version 8.20 (Electronic Data Systems Corp., Plano, TX, USA) were used for meshing and analysis of geometry of the intact and implanted models. Results : Under the flexion load, the intersegmental rotation angles of all the implanted models were similar to that of the intact model, but under the extension load, the values were greater than that of the intact model. The facet contact loads of three implanted models were greater than the loads observed with the intact model. Conclusion : Under the flexion load, three types of the implanted model at the L4-5 level showed the intersegmental rotation angle similar to the one measured with the intact model. Under the extension load, all of the artificial disc implanted models demonstrated an increased extension rotational angle at the operated level (L4-5), resulting in an increase under the facet contact load when compared with the adjacent segments. The increased facet load may lead to facet degeneration.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.11-26
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• 2009

1. Objectives : This research was purposed to reconsider the Dong-Mu's Theory of Nature and Mind(生情論). 2. Methods : The Dong-Mu's interpretation on the first chapter of "The Doctrine of Mean(中庸)", and the related contents of Nature and Emotion(性情) in his literature such as "Gyukchigo(格致藁)", "Donguisusebowon-Sasang chobongyun(東醫壽世保元四象草本卷)" and "Donguisusebowon(東醫壽世保元)" were reviewed. 3. Results and Conclusions : 1. Dong-Mu reinterpreted the concepts about 'Providence(天命) and Human Nature(人性)', 'Not-yet-intentional state(未發) and Intentional state(已發)', 'Nature and Mind(性情)' and 'Equilibrium and Harmony(中和)' in "The Doctrine of Mean", and used these concepts as logical tools in explanation of his thoughts of Human being and medical theory. 2. The generating principle of Nature and Mind(性情) presented as sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure is 'the Principle of Human nature(性理)', which is embodied as 'the Principle of Organ(臟理)' in "Donguisusebowon". The Principle of Organ(臟理) is originated from Heart and lie at lung, spleen, liver and kidney as the form of Four Virtue(四德). 3. The Principle of Organ(臟理) has the position of superintendence and is the generating principle of Nature and Emotion(性情), by which the structural and functional variations between different constitutional types are formed. 4. Dong-Mu's newly established concept of Nature and Emotion(性情) is the core logic in his idea of physiology, pathology and self-cultivation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 2011

This study aims to develop furniture industry in eastern district of Gangwondo and a city of Gangneung and Donghae. Case study on furniture complex in Asahikawa, Japan and survey of furniture companies in Gangneung and Donghae city were implemented for understanding of present state, followed by analysis of problems. It can be summarized as follows. First, the basic operation method of Japanese furniture industry is to keep a balance between industry and academy. Universities or centers are in charge of education and fostering talents, such as allowing to promote and to sell products in design center gallery while corporations support it by lending expensive devices and conducting strength test analysis. Second, according to the survey of furniture companies in Gangneung, many difficulties in products development such as a shortage of designer, method, creative design were discovered. With respect to education and human force fostering, education for design and e-commerce were not sufficient, also marketing section has a problem with limited space for display and selling. Corporate support section is facing problems in receiving raw materials, aging of facilities, manufacturing and management methods. Consequently, it is considered that academic and industrial sections should implement their own roles by forming a bilateral network which connects local universities, high schools, relevant organization in the city and providence and furniture manufacturing companies to companies' product development, human force fostering and marketing in an attempt to activate the furniture industry in this area.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.717-725
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• 2017

The purposes of this study are to find the difference in information literacy among the elderly home care service users and to identify the impact of information literacy on service quality and satisfaction among service users. To achieve the goals, this study used 466 responses from the elderly home care service recipients in Jeollabukdo providence, and conducted t-tests, ANOVA and a series of regression analyses. The results showed that there were significant differences in information literacy by gender, household type, residence area, education level and subjective health status among service users. The study also found that service users information literacy had a significant impact on service quality and satisfaction, and it confirms the importance of customized service. This study suggests that information literacy inequality exists among the elderly home care service users, therefore, the way to improve information delivery strategy should be developed for the information-poor elderly.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 2012

Purpose: To analyze the stress distribution of the implant and its supporting structures through 3D finite elements analysis for implants with different hexagon heights and to make the assessment of the mechanical stability and the effect of the elements. Materials and methods: Infinite elements modeling with CAD data was designed. The modeling was done as follows; an external connection type ${\phi}4.0mm{\times}11.5mm$ Osstem$^{(R)}$ USII (Osstem Co., Pusan, Korea) implant system was used, the implant was planted in the mandibular first molar region with appropriate prosthetic restoration, the hexagon (implant fixture's external connection) height of 0.0, 0.7, 1.2, and 1.5 mm were applied. ABAQUS 6.4 (ABAQUS, Inc., Providence, USA) was used to calculate the stress value. The force distribution via color distribution on each experimental group's implant fixture and titanium screw was studied based on the equivalent stress (von Mises stress). The maximum stress level of each element (crown, implant screw, implant fixture, cortical bone and cancellous bone) was compared. Results: The hexagonal height of the implant with external connection had an influence on the stress distribution of the fixture, screw and upper prosthesis and the surrounding supporting bone. As the hexagon height increased, the stress was well distributed and there was a decrease in the maximum stress value. If the height of the hexagon reached over 1.2mm, there was no significant influence on the stress distribution. Conclusion: For implants with external connections, a hexagon is vital for stress distribution. As the height of the hexagon increased, the more effective stress distribution was observed.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

Recently irregular dark-colored patches were found on the Kentucky teeing ground in a golf course in Gyunggi providence. Interestingly, blue-green algae from the leaf tissue sample containing black spot-stained symptoms were largely observed through microscopic study. In general, algae present on the upper soil surface or in the upper layer of root zone form dark brown layers of scum or crust, which invoked harmful effects to turf growth such as poor drainage, inhibition of new root development. In this observation, unlike the algae were sometime found in senescing leaves on contacted soil in July and August, the blue-green algae were detected within black spot-stained Kentucky bluegrass leaf tissues including leaf blade, ligule, auriclea as well as leaf sheath. The blue-green algae were also detected on the leaf and stem tissue adjacent to the symptomatic leaf tissues. Two species of blue-green algae, Phomidium and Oscillatoria, were greatly observed. Oscillatoria species was more commonly notified in all samples. In addition, the two species were found on a putting green showing yellow spot disease at another golf course in Gyunggi providence. The data from chemical control assay revealed that chemicals such as propiconazole, iprodione, and azoxystrobin decreased blue-green algae population and leaf spots, which finally resulted in enhanced leaf quality. All taken together, we strongly suggested that the disease-like phenomenon by blue-green algae might be very closely mediated with infection/translocation process in relation with turfgrass. It indicates that blue-green algae in turf management may play an adverse role as a secondary barrier as well as a pathogenic agent. This report may be helpful for superintendents to recognize and understand the fact that algae control should be provided more cautiously and seriously than we did previously in upcoming golf course management.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.30
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• pp.319-332
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• 2009

The research on the poem work of Hwang Jin I may have been discussed relatively profoundly compared to the number of works left by her. On the prolongation of such result that has been made thus far, the author tried to investigate aspect of confrontation of figuration and situation of farewell revealed in the poem work of Hwang Jin I through this dissertation. The 6 poems of Hwang Jin I are works which are directly or indirectly related to the situation of farewell. Thus, the author began to discuss dissertation, thinking that the difference in aspect of confrontation in the farewell situation of Hwang Jin I projected in the work can be confirmed by analyzing the poem work of Hwang Jin I. First, with respect to the figuration of farewell in the poem of Hwang Jin I, it cannot be said that she left many poems. However, it could be confirmed that the universal human emotion felt in the situation of farewell was effective converted to figuration by personality of the author through the delicate symbol and simile felt in each work and diverse poetic devices. Then, the aspect of confrontation of farewell situation revealed in the poem of Hwang Jin I was investigated in 3 large divided aspects. First, it is the nature-compliant aspect of confrontation that does not artificially reject or disobey but accepts the moment of farewell by relying on the providence of nature with respect to the situation of farewell. Four works pertain to this category, namely, <니 언지 무언(無言)하여$\sim$>, <어뎌 니 일이여$\sim$>, <산(山)은 넷 산(山)이로디$\sim$> and <청산(靑山)은 내 뜻이요$\sim$>. Next, it may be challenge to the nature, that is, to cut time and space at own intention against the providence of nature. The work, <동지인(冬至人)달 기나긴 밤을$\sim$> pertains to this category. Finally, it is mixed aspect of confrontation in which the above-mentioned compliant aspect of confrontation is mixed with challenging aspect of confrontation. The work, <청산리(靑山裡) 벽계수(碧溪水)ㅣ야$\sim$> may pertain to this category. As explained above, the aspect of confrontation revealed differently in the situation of farewell may be due to the peculiarity of her status as official kisaeng. Furthermore, her magnanimous and affectionate character may be also quite influential on this matter. The matters to be supplemented to make the above discussion successful need to be studied in the subsequent research.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.67
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• pp.297-325
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• 2017

In this paper, the ideological features of Mohism were examined through the analysis into the viewpoint of Mohism on justice and benefit and "universal love" based on it. Even before the viewpoint on justice and benefit became a main agenda in Confucianism, Mohism and the Hundred Schools of Thought, there had been discussions on it, and the relation between "justice" and "benefit" was generally understood as that of means and ends(本末) or that of the thing and its functions(體用). What succeeded to this tendency and set it as an individual's moral standard was the viewpoint of Confucianism including Confucius. Of course, the Confucian view was focused on the politicians or leaders of those times. Compared to which, Mohism represented the stance of their group members and pursued the interest of groups and the society rather than that of individuals. Accordingly, while Confucianism considered "justice" more important than "benefit", Mohism could understand both of them unificatively. The crucial reason why Mohism could be most active during the Warring States Period is that it had its metaphysical basis on "the disposition of Providence." Accompanying this, the viewpoint of Mohism on justice and benefit was internally reflected in its key arguments including "universal love." That is so-called "Jianxiangai, Jiaoxiangli", that is to say, "that loving each other is namely benefiting each other." On the other hand, the fact that the viewpoint of Mohism on justice and benefit, and furthermore, the ideological foundation of its ten main arguments including universal love was "the disposition of Providence" became a double-edged sword. It was because it could be easily accepted by the laborers, farmers, and craftsmen consisting of Mohism of those times, but it instead became the reason for falling into ruins since the establishment of the feudal empire of Qin and Han(秦漢). In the feudal empire, the ideology and activities of Mohism as an individual group couldn't be embraced. For example, the way to set "Heaven"(the heavenly king) above "the sovereign ruler" might be a decisive limit to the legitimacy and rationality of the regime. Moreover, the arguments by Mohism, such as "Jieyong", "Jiezang", "Feiyue" and others couldn't be taken easily by the privileged class. Therefore, Mohism couldn't do any activities as an academic school until Seojedongjeom(西勢東漸) during the Qing dynasty later, and it was different from Confucianism. In brief, ideas of Mohism including universal love ended up as an utopian idea historically, but the conception of sharing mutual interest along with mutual love and consideration with Confucianism from the position of the relatively disadvantaged in the society has a value worthy of being appreciated even today.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.35
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• pp.217-253
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• 2020

This study analyzes the principles of the 'Earthly Paradise' (仙境, the realm of immortals), 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang' (陰陽合德), and the 'Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth' (天地公事) while combining them with Joseon art. Therefore, this study aims to discover the context wherein the concept of Taiji in 'Daesoon Truth,' deeply penetrates into Joseon art. Doing so reveals how 'Daesoon Thought' is embedded in the lives and customs of the Korean people. In addition, this study follows a review of the sentiments and intellectual traditions of the Korean people based on 'Daesoon Thought' and creative works. Moreover, 'Daesoon Thought' brings all of this to the forefront in academics and art at the cosmological level. The purpose of this research is to vividly reveal the core of 'Daesoon Thought' as a visual image. Through this, the combination of 'Daesoon Thought' and Joseon art will secure both data and reality at the same time. As part of this, this study deals with the world of 'Daesoon Thought' as a cosmological Taiji principle. This concept is revealed in Joseon art, which is analyzed and examined from the viewpoint of art philosophy. First, as a way to make use of 'Daesoon Thought,' 'Daesoon Truth' was developed and directly applied to Joseon art. In this way, reflections on Korean life within 'Daesoon Thought' can be revealed. In this regard, the selection of Joseon art used in this study highlights creative works that have been deeply ingrained into people's lives. For example, as 'Daesoon Thought' appears to focus on the genre painting, folk painting, and landscape painting of the Joseon Dynasty, attention is given to verifying these cases. This study analyzes 'Daesoon Thought,' which borrows from Joseon art, from the perspective of art philosophy. Accordingly, attempts are made to find examples of the 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang' and Tai-Ji in Joseon art which became a basis by which 'Daesoon Thought' was communicated to people. In addition, appreciating 'Daesoon Thought' in Joseon art is an opportunity to vividly examine not only the Joseon art style but also the life, consciousness, and mental world of the Korean people. As part of this, Chapter 2 made several findings related to the formation of 'Daesoon Thought.' In Chapter 3, the structures of the ideas of 'Earthly Paradise' and 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang' were likewise found to have support. And 'The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth' and Tai-Ji were found in depictions of metaphysical laws. To this end, the laws of 'The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth' and the structure of Tai-Ji were combined. In chapter 4, we analyzed the 'Daesoon Thought' in the life and work of the Korean people at the level of the convergence of 'Daeesoon Thought' and Joseon art. The analysis of works provides a glimpse into the precise identity of 'Daesoon Thought' as observable in Joseon art, as doing so is useful for generating empirical data. For example, works such as Tai-Jido, Ssanggeum Daemu, Jusachaebujeokdo, Hwajogi Myeonghwabundo, and Gyeongdodo are objects that inspired descriptions of 'Earthly Paradise', 'Virtuous Concordance of Yin and Yang,' and 'The Reordering Works of Heaven and Earth.' As a result, Tai-Ji which appears in 'Daesoon Thought', proved the status of people in Joseon art. Given all of these statements, the Tai-Ji idea pursued by Daesoon Thought is a providence that follows change as all things are mutually created. In other words, it was derived that Tai-Ji ideology sits profoundly in the lives of the Korean people and responds mutually to the providence that converges with 'Mutual Beneficence.'

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

Recently, antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic bacteria has been increasing due to excessive use of antimicrobial agents in both humans and livestock. PCR amplification and nucleotide sequence analyses were conducted to investigate16S ribosomal RNA methyltransferase (RMTase) genes and integrons in P. mirabilis strains isolated from clinical specimens and chickens in an area of the Chungcheong providence. In addition, clonality analysis of P. mirabilis strains was performed using a repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based PCR (REP-PCR) method. Of the total 38 P. mirabilis isolates, 7 (18.4%) strains were isolated from clinical specimens contained in the RMTase genes and showed resistance to amikacin, tobramycin, and gentamicin. A total of 23 (60.5%) isolates carried class 1 integrons, but no isolates in our study harbored class 2 and class 3 integrons. Class 1 integrons detected in our study harbored genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA2, aadA5, aadA7, and aacCA5), ${\beta}$-lactams ($bla_{PSE}$), erythromycin (ereA), lincosamides (linF), and trimethoprim (dfrA12, dfrA17, and dfrA32). We confirmed that the RMTase genes had spread among only the P. mirabilis isolates from clinical specimens, but class 1 integrons had widely disseminated among P. mirabilis isolates from clinical specimens and chickens. In addition, identical REP-PCR banding patterns were evidenced in only P. mirabilis isolates from chickens. Our results suggest the horizontal spreading of P. mirabilis isolates in the chicken farm. To prevent further spreading of antimicrobial resistant genes among P. mirabilis isolates, monitoring and clinical policing will be required.