• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.268-273
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• 2018

Sleep is the most basic and essential physiological requirement for mental health, and sleep disorders pose potential risks of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Tryptic hydrolysate of ${\alpha}_{S1}$-casein (${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$) has been shown to possess stress relieving and sleep promoting effects. However, the differential effects of ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ on electroencephalographic wave patterns and its effects on the protein levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid A ($GABA_A$) receptor subtypes in hypothalamic neurons are not well understood. We found ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (120, 240 mg/kg) increased sleep duration in mice and reduced sleep-wake cycle numbers in rats. While ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (300 mg/kg) increased total sleeping time in rats, it significantly decreased wakefulness. In addition, electroencephalographic theta (${\theta}$) power densities were increased whereas alpha (${\alpha}$) power densities were decreased by ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$ (300 mg/kg) during sleep-wake cycles. Furthermore, protein expressions of $GABA_A$ receptor ${\beta}_1$ subtypes were elevated in rat hypothalamus by ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$. These results suggest ${\alpha}_{S1}-CH$, through $GABA_A$ receptor modulation, might be useful for treating sleep disorders.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.274-285
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• 2020

In this study, ovalbumin (OVA) hydrolysates were prepared using various proteolytic enzymes and the anti-inflammatory activities of the hydrolysates were determined. Also, the potential application of OVA as a functional food material was discussed. The effect of OVA hydrolysates on the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production was evaluated via the Griess reaction, and their effects on the expression of inducible NO synthase (inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS) were assessed using the quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. To determine the mechanism by which OVA hydrolysates activate macrophages, pathways associated with the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were evaluated. When the OVA hydrolysates were added to RAW 264.7 cells without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, they did not affect the production of NO. However, both the OVA-Protex 6L hydrolysate (OHPT) and OVA-trypsin hydrolysate (OHT) inhibited NO production dose-dependently in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Especially, OHT showed a strong NO-inhibitory activity (62.35% at 2 mg/mL) and suppressed iNOS production and the mRNA expression for iNOS (p<0.05). Also, OHT treatment decreased the phosphorylation levels of Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) in the MAPK signaling pathway. These findings suggested that OVA hydrolysates could be used as an anti-inflammatory agent that prevent the overproduction of NO.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1044-1053
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• 2015

This study first investigated the effects of corn gluten hydrolysate (CGH) (1.5 g/day) administration for 7 days on appetite-responsive genes in lean Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In a second set of experiments, the metabolic changes occurring at multiple time points over 8 weeks in response to CGH (35.33% wt/wt) were observed in high-fat (HF, 60% of energy as fat) diet-fed SD rats. In lean rats, the hypothalamus neuropeptide-Y and proopiomelanocortin mRNA levels of the CGH group were significantly changed in response to CGH administration. In the second part of the study, CGH treatment was found to reduce body weight and perirenal and epididymal fat weight. CGH also prevented an increase in food intake at 2 weeks and lowered plasma leptin and insulin levels in comparison with the HF group. This reduction in the plasma and hepatic lipid levels was followed by improved insulin resistance, and the beneficial metabolic effects of CGH were also partly related to increases in plasma adiponectin levels. The Homeostasis Model of Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), an index of insulin resistance, was markedly improved in the HF-CGH group compared with the HF group at 6 weeks. According to the microarray results, adipose tissue mRNA expression related to G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway and sensory perception was significantly improved after 8 weeks of CGH administration. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that dietary CGH may be effective for improving hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese rats as well as appetite control in lean rats.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.149-154
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• 2019

The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life to provide optimal nutrition in this critical period of life. After this, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues for up to 2 years of age or beyond. For nonbreastfed infants, infant formula is an available option to provide the nutrition needed. Infant formula is usually prepared from industrially modified cow's milk and processed to adjust for the nutritional needs of infants. However, cow's milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy, affecting 2%-5% of all formula-fed infants during their first year of life. One strategy to prevent cow's milk allergy in nonbreastfed infants is the use of partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF) in high-risk infants, which are infants born in families with atopic disease. However, based on an epidemiological study, approximately half of the infants who develop allergy are not part of the at-risk group. This is because the non-at-risk group is significantly larger than the at-risk group and the non-at-risk infants have approximately 15% risk of developing allergies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially hydrolyzed whey formula (pHF-W) in nonbreastfed infants and determine whether pHF-W can prevent atopic disease in high-risk infants and can be used as routine starter formula regardless of the allergy risk status.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2013

Buckwheat is known as a health food but is one of the major food allergens triggering potentially fatal anaphylaxis in Asia, especially in Japan and Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristic of enzymatic resistance of buckwheat protein and allergenic potential. Enzymatic resistance of buckwheat protein was performed with in vitro digestibility test in simulated gastric fluid (SGF), pH 1.2, using pepsin and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) using chymotrypsin. Reactivity of buckwheat proteins to human IgE was performed using six allergic patients sensitized to buckwheat. Buckwheat's IgE levels were measured using the Phadia UniCAP-system. Buckwheat protein, 16 kDa, still remained after 30 min treatment of pepsin on SDS-PAGE. Even though 16 kDa almost disappeared after 60 min treatment, two out of the six buckwheat patients' sera showed reactivity to hydrolysate after 60 min treatment, indicating that allergenicity still remained. In simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) using chymotrypsin, buckwheat protein, 24 kDa, showed resistance to hydrolysis with chymotrypsin on SDS-PAGE, and still had allergenicity based on the result of ELISA. Our results suggest that buckwheat proteins have strong resistance to enzyme degradation. This may be attributed in part to the allergenic potential of buckwheat. Further study should be continued regarding buckwheat allergy.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2014

The diagnosis and treatment of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is still a challenge. A systematic literature search was performed using Embase, Medline, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials for the diagnosis and treatment of cow's milk allergy (CMA). Since none of the symptoms of CMPA is specific and since there is no sensitive diagnostic test (except a challenge test), the diagnosis of CMPA remains difficult. A "symptom-based score" is useful in children with symptoms involving different organ systems. The recommended dietary treatment is an extensive cow milk based hydrolysate. Amino acid based formula is recommended in the most severe cases. However, soy infant formula and hydrolysates from other protein sources (rice) are gaining popularity, as they taste better and are cheaper than the extensive cow's milk based hydrolysates. Recent meta-analyses confirmed the safety of soy and estimate that not more than 10-15% of CMPA-infants become allergic to soy. An accurate diagnosis of CMA is still difficult. The revival of soy and the development of rice hydrolysates challenge the extensive cow's milk based extensive hydrolysates as first option and amino acid formula.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.423-428
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• 1996

Optimum conditions for hydrolysis were investigated to enhance water-solubilities of protein-bound polysaccharides in the basidiocarps of Ganoderma lucidum by treating chymotrypsin. We also attempted with Ganoderma lucidum residue remaining after extracting hot water-soluble compoents in Ganoderma lucidum. After hydrolyzing under optimum conditions (20 ppm chymotrypsin, 2% Gampderma lucidum or 6% Ganoderma lucidum residue, at pH 10 and at $ 40^{\circ}C$), the amounts of total protein and carbohydrate of hydrolysate were measured. Michaelis constant, $K_{m}$, and maximum rate, $V_{max}$, calculated by Lineweaver-Buck plot for the hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum were 1.73% and 0.073%/min respectively and those for hydrolysis of Ganoderma lucidum residue were 2.40% and 0.033%/min respectively. The amount of polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum (100 g) treated with chymotrypsin was only 3.07 g, but significantly increased amount (14.34 g) of polysaccharides was isolated from Ganoderma lucidum residue (100 g) treated with chymotrypsin. The protein-bound polysaccharide was isolated from the non-hydrolyzed and hydrolyzed sample and molecular weights of the polysaccharide were measured by Sepharose CL-48 gel filtration.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.561-568
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to introduce a simple method for isolation of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin from cow's milk, and peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin with alcalase. Whey protein were precipitated from whey by ammonium sulfate and, ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were isolated using Hi Prep 26/60 Sephacryl S-100 column gel filtration chromatography. Bovine serum albumin and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin were isolated by Mono-Q 5/50 GL column anion exchange chromatography of the 50% Ammonium Sulfate-supernatant. Isolated whey proteins were hydrolyzed by proteolytic alcalase. Tricine SDS-PAGE and reverse-phase HPLC analyses revealed that almost hydrolyzed all the ${\alpha}$-lactalbumin, ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin with alcalase. Molecular weight of various peptides derived from alcalase hydrolysate were small molecular weight than 3.5 kDa.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2008

A nutritional supplement was developed aiming at correcting the most common nutrient and caloric deficiencies encountered in elderly people (${\geq}60$ years old). The protein source was a mixture of whey protein isolates (WPI) and bovine collagen hydrolysate (BCH) with high nutritional and functional qualities making up 12% of the formulation. The carbohydrate fraction was composed of sucrose, inulin (soluble fiber), and fructo-oligosaccharide (prebiotic). The most commonly deficient essential minerals and vitamins were also included. Acceptance of the product was good according to both an elderly panel and a laboratory panel composing of both sexes and various ages. The stability of the formulations was evaluated and the estimated shelf life at room temperature (ca. $27^{\circ}C$) was approximately 4 months.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1981

The carpophores of a mushroom, Naematoloma fasciculare (Fr.) Karst, were extracted with 0.2 N NaOH and the extract was dialyzed through visking tube. It was found to contain an antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 implanted in mice. The components of this aqueous extract were found to be a polysaccharide and a protein by color reactions including Anthrone and Lowery-Folin tests. The hydrolysis of the polysaccharide with 3% HCL-Me-OH and trimethylsily lation of the hydrolysate yielded five monosaccharides, i. e. glucose, frutose, mannose, galactose and xylose, which were detected and analyzed by GLC. After hydrolysis of the protein with 6N HCl, 15 amino acids, including aspartic acid and glutamic acid, were detected and analyzed by an auto amino acid analyzer.