• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.253-262
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• 2003

Purpose: This study was carried out to identify factors influencing osteoporosis in women at pre- and post-menopausal state. Methods: The subjects of this study were 52 pre-menopausal and 125 post-menopausal women who were assessed of bone density in one general hospital. The data were collected through review of clinical records and telephone interviews using a questionnaire. Results: In the pre-menopausal women, the factors influencing osteoporosis were regular exercise (protective factor) and age (risk factor). Regression analysis showed that the factors attributable to osteoporosis included educational level, weight, age and number of pregnancy, accounted for 41.89% of the total variance. In the post-menopausal women. the factors influencing osteoporosis were age (risk factor), low educational level (risk factor), low economical state (risk factor), high parity (risk factor), and intake of coffee (protective factor). Regression analysis also showed that factors attributable to their osteoporosis included age, educational level, number of delivery, intake of the coffee, regular exercise, number of pregnancy and duration of oral pill intake, accounted for 37.41 % of the total variance. Conclusion: In pre-menopausal women, regular exercise was one of the most powerful determinant of their bone mass. Therefore, it is necessary to participate in a regular exercise program to maintain peak bone mass density prior to the onset of menopause. In post-menopausal women, increased age was the most influencing factor of their bone mass. Therefore, it is essential to establish early diagnosis and management of osteoporosis after menopause.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.85-90
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• 2011

In 2008, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that about 430,000 children worldwide became infected with HIV, mostly through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding. The MTCT prevention program proved to be feasible and effective in reduction of perinatal HIV transmission. Three babies born from HIV-infected mothers were admitted to the National Medical Center in 2009. Only two women received antiretroviral (ARV) therapy during pregnancy, labor, and after delivery, and their infants received zidovudine (AZT) for 6 weeks. The outcome, after a follow-up period of 4 months to 16 months, was favorable in all patients. Thus, we emphasize the need for expansion of antenatal HIV screening of pregnant women, implemented for early HIV diagnosis and effective ARV therapy for reduction of perinatal HIV transmission.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.87-93
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• 2018

Objectives : The prevalence of infertility is reported to be 23.3%, which is a serious social problem. Habitual abortion is one of the important complications during pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to help the treatment of habitual abortion by observing and reporting the process in which four women who did not have children due to habitual abortion make healthy birth through treatment. Methods : We administered Jokyungjongok-tang gamibang as a herbal medicine treatment method and treated with acupuncture, moxibustion and uterine steam treatment. Treatment was done once or twice a week but it was also varied depending on the patient's circumstances. The herbal medicines were taken 30 minutes after meals and 3 times a day. While taking the Korean medicine, they were prohibited from eating flour, pork, liquor, tobacco and coffee. Patient status was assessed by consultation through pulse, tongue and abdomen. A detailed questionnaire was performed for each treatment. In some cases, they have tested hormone levels at the hospitals to know ovulation dates. The diagnosis of pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonography at hospitals and the treatment for habitual abortion was judged based on healthy birth. Results : As a result of herbal medicine, acupuncture, moxibustion and uterine steam treatment, the coldness of the body became weak, the fatigue decreased and the digestive condition gradually began to improve. The bad condition of the uterus caused by the repeated administration of heritage has been improved with Boheosaenghwa-tang gamibang. After administration of Jokyungjongok-tang gamibang, they became pregnant and overcame the condition of addictive abortion and gave birth to healthy children. Conclusion : Jokyungjongok-tang gamibang is effective in overcoming the symptoms of habitual abortion and giving birth to a healthy child for a woman who had no children due to her habitual abortion

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 2023

The effective detection of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is considerably important for the clinical diagnosis of both of early pregnancy and nonpregnancy-related diseases. In this work, a simple and sensitive electrochemical sandwich-type immunosensing platform was designed by synthesizing b-cyclodextrin (CD) functionalized graphene (CD/GN) hybrid as simultaneously sensing platform and signal transducer coupled with rhodamine b (RhB) as probe. In brief, GN offers large surface area and high conductivity, while CD exhibits superior host-guest recognition capability, thus the primary antibody (Ab1) of HCG can be bound into the cavities of CD/GN to form stable Ab1/CD/GN inclusion complex; meanwhile, the secondary antibody (Ab2) and RhB can also enter into the cavities, producing RhB/Ab2/CD/GN complex. Then, by using Ab1/CD/GN as sensing platform and RhB/Ab2/CD/GN as signal transducer (in which RhB was signal probe), a simple sandwich-type immunosensor was constructed. Under the optimum parameters, the designed immunosensor exhibited a considerable low analytical detection of 1.0 pg mL^-1 and a wide linearity of 0.002 to 10.0 ng mL^-1 for HCG, revealing the developed sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensing platform offered potential real applications for the determination of HCG.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of uterine septum and their elimination on the reproductive outcomes in women who have history of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and/or infertility. Methods: The medical records of reproductive outcomes in patients who have had history of RSA and infertility who were diagnosed with uterine septum only by hysterosalpingogram (HSG) between January 2008 and December 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. The subjects who have had severe male factor, tubal factors, other uterine factors, endocrine abnormalities, peritoneal factors, and abnormal karyotyping among both partners were excluded. In 27 patients, confirmation of diagnosis by laparoscopy and elimination of uterine septum by trans-vaginal hysteroscopy was done. Seventeen patients were strongly suspected to uterine septum on HSG but tried to get pregnancy without any other procedure for evaluation and management of uterine anomaly. Age matched 42 patients who have history of RSA and/or infertility and diagnosed to normal HSG finding at same period were randomly selected as control. The medical records of reproductive outcomes were analyzed and compared between groups. Results: The mean time of observation after diagnosis was 21.8 months (10 to 32). 55.6% (15/27) of patients in patients who received trans-vaginal hysteroscopic uterine septotomy were success to get pregnancies and was significantly higher than that of 17 patients who did not receive proper management (23.5%, 4/17, p<0.05). In control population, 40.5% (17/42) were success to pregnancies and the differences were not statistically significant compared to both two study groups. The live birth rate which was excluded pregnancy loss by abnormal fetal karyotyping and congenital anomaly were 75% (9/12) in treated septated uterus group and 84.6% (11/13) in control group each which have no statistically significant different. In patients with septated uterus who did not receive proper management showed lower delivery rate (50%, 2/4) than that of other groups but was not statistically significant. Conclusion: According to present data, women with a uterine septum have an increased chance of successful pregnancy with improved obstetric outcome after proper management of the uterine cavity. And these results were showed in patients with no regard to their reproductive history. But, in case of failed to receive proper management, uterine septum can affect not only pregnancy ongoing but successful pregnancy too.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.5-11
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• 2008

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed from 15 days after ovulation until parturition to determine the time of first detection and ultrasonographic appearance of the fetal and extra-fetal structures in pregnant 10 Maltese, 10 Yorkshire Terrier, 15 Shih-tzu, and 10 Miniature Schnauzer bitches, respectively. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0ng/ml. The gestational length was $63.4{\sim}63.6$ (range: $61{\sim}65$) days and the geatational length was no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the extra-fetal structures were; gestational sac at days $18.9{\sim}19.5\;(17{\sim}22)$, zonary placenta at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}28)$, yolk sac membrane at days $24.6{\sim}25.5\;(23{\sim}27)$, yolk sac tubular shape at days $26.1{\sim}26.3\;(24{\sim}28)$, and amniotic membrane at days $26.1{\sim}28.2\;(24{\sim}31)$, respectively. The time of the first detection of the extra-fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). The initial detection of the fetal structures were; embryo initial detection at days $22.5{\sim}22.9\;(21{\sim}24)$, heartbeat at days $23.2{\sim}23.8\;(21{\sim}25)$, embryo bipolar shape $27.6{\sim}28.9\;(26{\sim}30)$, fetal movement at days $31.9{\sim}32.8\;(27{\sim}34)$, limb buds at days $29.1{\sim}30.7\;(27{\sim}33)$, stomach at days $31.1{\sim}33.1\;(29{\sim}34)$, urinary bladder at days $32.4{\sim}33.2\;(29{\sim}35)$, skeleton at days $34.7{\sim}35.9\;(34{\sim}39)$, and kidney at days $42.1{\sim}44.7\;(41{\sim}48)$, respectively. The the time of the first detection of the fetal structures were no statistically significant difference among bitches (p>0.05). These results indicate the evaluation of the time of first detection and ultrasonographic characteristics of the gestational structures might be useful for pregnancy diagnosis, estimating fetal age, embryonic resorption, fetal monster, abnormal fetal growth and fetal viability, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.169-177
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate the effect, range of practice, and propriety for diagnosis of early non-pregnancies and reproductive disorders by dairy cows' milk progesterone analysis used EIA-kit of home products. The results were summarized as follows : 1. During 2 to 6 months after artificial insemination, the results of milk progesterone measurement by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit with pregnant dairy cows(152 heads) certified by rectal palpation were revealed, in Home-kit, 145 heads(95.4%) of positive reaction, 7 heads(4.6%) of quasi-positive, and 0 heads(0%) of negative among 152 heads and, in Auto ELISA reader-kit, 152 heads(100%) of positive reaction among 152 heads. 2. During 19 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the results of milk progesterone measurement by Home-kit, and thereafrer during 50 to 90 days after that, the results of pregnant test by rectal palpation were summarized as follows : 147 heads(82.1%) among 179 heads of positive reaction by Home-kit and 5 heads(31.3%) among 16 heads of quasi-positive were revealed pregnant cows by rectal palpation, and 42 heads(100%) among 42 heads of negative were non-pregnant. 3. During 19 to 22 days after artificial insemination, the results of milk progesterone measurement by Auto ELISA reader-kit, and thereafrer during 50 to 90 days after that, the results of pregnant test by rectal palpation were summarized as follows : 146 heads(86.9%) among 168 heads of positive reaction by Auto ELISA reader-kit and 6 heads(28.6%) among 21 heads of quasi-positive were revealed pregnant cows by rectal palpation, and 48 heads (100%) among 48 heads of negative were non-pregnant. 4. For the accuracy of the rectal palpation, Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit were used in the cows of ovarian diseases. The results were following : in the cows of reproductive disorders expected negative milk progesterone, the accuracies of rectal palpation were the same 75.5%(40 heads among 53 heads) by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit, and in the cows of reproductive disorders expected positive milk progesterone, the accuracies of rectal palpation were 82.6%(19 heads among 23 heads) and 91.3%(21 heads among 23 heads) by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit, respectively, and the general accuracies of rectal palpation were 77.6%(59 heads among 76 heads) and 80.3%(61 heads among 76 heads) by Home-kit and Auto ELISA reader-kit, respectively.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 1998

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type I is a common severe autosomal recessive inherited neuromuscular disorder that has been mapped to chromosome 5q11.2-13.3. The survival motor neuron (SMN) gene, a candidate gene, is known to be deleted in 96% of patients with SMA type I. Presently, PCR and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analyses have been made possible for application to both archival slides and paraffin-embedded tissues. Archival materials represent valuable DNA resources for genetic diagnosis. We applied these methods for the identification of SMN gene of SMA type I in archival specimens for the prenatal diagnosis. In this study, we performed the prenatal diagnosis with chorionic villus sampling (CVS) cells on two women who had experienced neonatal death of SMA type I. DNA extraction was done from archival slide and tissue materials and PEP-PCR was performed using CVS cells. In order to identify common deletion region of SMN and neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein (NAIP) genes, cold PCR-SSCP and PCR-restriction site assay were carried out. Case 1 had deletions of the exons 7 and 8, and case 2 had exon 7 only on the telomeric SMN gene. Both cases were found to be normal on NAIP gene. These results were the same for both CVS and archival biopsied specimens. In both cases, the fetuses were, therefore, predicted to be at very high risk of being affected and the pregnancy were terminated. These data clearly demonstrate that archival slide and paraffin-embedded tissues can be a valuable source of DNA when the prenatal genetic diagnosis is needed in case any source for genetic analysis is not readily available due to previous death of the fetus or neonate.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.179-187
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• 2006

Objectives: The risk of aneuploidies of embryos increases in advanced maternal age or parental karyotype abnormality and it results in poor reproductive outcomes such as recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) or repeated implantation failure (RIF). Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for aneuploidy screening (PGD-AS) can be applied for better ART outcome by selecting chromosomally normal embryos. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcome of PGD-AS and which group can get much benefit from PGD-AS among the patients expected to have poor reproductive outcome. Methods: In 42 patients, 77 PGD cycles were performed for aneuploidy screening. Patients were allocated to 3 groups according to the indication of PGD-AS: group I-patients with old age (${\geq}37$) and RIF more than 3 times (n=11, mean age=42.2 yrs.), group II-patients with RSA (${\geq}3$ times) associated with aneuploid pregnancy (n=19, mean age=38.9 yrs.), group III-parental sex chromosome abnormality or mosaicism (n=18, mean age=29.6 yrs.) including Turner syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome and 47, XYY. PGD was performed by using FISH for chromosome 13, 16, 18, 21, X and Y in group I and II, and chromosome X, Y and 18 (or 17) in group III. Results: Blastomere biopsy was successful in 530 embryos and FISH efficiency was 92.3%. The proportions of transferable embryos in each group were $32.5{\pm}17.5%$, $23.0{\pm}21.7%$ and $52.6{\pm}29.2%$ (mean ${\pm}$ SD), respectively, showing higher normal rate in group III (group II vs. III, p<0.05). The numbers of transferred embryos in each group were $3.9{\pm}1.5$, $1.9{\pm}1.1$ and $3.1{\pm}1.4$ (mean ${\pm}$ SD), respectively. The clinical pregnancy rates per transfer was 0%, 30.0% and 20.0%, and it was significantly higher in group II (group I vs. group II, p<0.05). The overall pregnancy rate per transfer was 19.6% (10/51) and the spontaneous abortion rate was 20% (2/10) of which karyotypes were euploid. Nine healthy babies (one twin pregnancy) were born with normal karyotype confirmed on amniocentesis. Conclusion: Our data suggests that PGD-AS provides advantages in patients with RSA associated with aneuploidy or sex chromosome abnormality, decreasing abortion rate and increasing ongoing pregnancy rate. It is not likely to be beneficial in RIF group due to other detrimental factors involved in implantation.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.811-815
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• 1998

Primar99y cardiac tumors are rare and about 25% of primary cardiac tumors are malignant. A primary undifferentiated cardiac sarcoma, which very rare, is presented as follows: A 28-year old woman at the 32th week of pregnancy was admitted to the hospital because of dyspnea. A large intracardiac (left atrium) tumor was found with cardiac echocardiography and MRI. Emergency operation was performed under the diagnosis of left atrial myxoma. After Cesarean section, LA-tomy was done under the cardiopulmonary bypass. Tumor removal including endocardium of left atrium was done and final pathologic diagnosis was primary undifferentiated laft atrial sarcoma. After adjuvant radiotherapy, she has been followed up in out patient bases without problems up to now.