• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.182-192
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• 2007

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to define basic data for developing silver services related to goods, medical care, finance, leisure and residence. Method: In this cross-sectional study, the subjects were 792 pre-elderly and 382 elderly. The data were collected 2005 by using a structured questionnaire from Aug. 19 to Sep. 5. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics on the SPSS version 12.0 for windows. Result: The pre-elderly had the intention to use massage chair(36.6%), homecare service(29.8%), national pension(35.9%), sports(48.5%) and personal house(59.5%) in the ares of silver goods, medical care, finance, leisure and residence, respectively. The elderly wanted sphygmomanometer(38.7%), homecare service(27.7%), pocket money from their offspring (40.5%), sports(33.5%), and personal house(74.8%). They wanted manpower in the area of reforming of living place, leisure time and education, counseling of silver goods, and management of finance. Conclusion: Based on this study findings, the pre-elderly are thoroughly established for their future than the elderly. It is important to upgrade the silver services and to prepare the manpower for the pre-elderly and the elderly in the future of the aging society.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.257-281
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• 2011

The duty of utmost good faith is found in sections 17-20 of MIA 1906. Critics of the current legal regime on the pre-contractual duty from the viewpoint of the assured, have been concentrated on two points in particular. First, the scope of the duty is so wide that it imposes too high burden on the assured. The second criticism is directed at the remedy, prescribed by the MIA 1906, s.17, against breach of the duty. This article intends to analyse the legal implications of proposals in CP 2007 for reforming pre-contractual duty of utmost good faith of business assured in English insurance contracts law and the problems of proposals. The Law Commissions are proposing four fundamental changes to meet the long-standing criticism and the results of analysis are as following. First, the Law Commissions are proposing a change in the test of constructive knowledge in relation to the duty of disclosure so that a business assured will be obliged to disclose facts which he knows or a reasonable ought to know in the circumstances. Secondly, deviating from the current legal position, the Law Commissions are proposing that if a business assured has made a misrepresentation, but the assured honestly and reasonably believe what it said to be true, the insurer should not have any remedy due to the misrepresentation. The proposal is designed to protect the reasonable expectations of business assured at the pre-contractual stage. Thirdly, the Law Commissions are proposing to change the test for materiality by replacing the "prudent insurer" test by a "reasonable assured" test. The proposed test would focus on the question of what a reasonable assured in the circumstances would think what is relevant to the judgment of the insurer. Finally, the Law Commissions are proposing flexible remedies in case of the breach of the duty. The Law Commissions are proposing no remedy when an assured is acting honestly and reasonably, while avoidance in case of dishonesty. On the other hand, The Law Commissions seem to have an intention to introduce a compensatory remedy in case of negligent breach of the duty.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.78-85
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• 2023

구리가 함침된 하이드로탈사이트 촉매의 고유 키네틱 데이터를 이용하여 메탄올 수증기 개질 반응의 고정층 반응기 Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 이전 연구결과로부터 얻어진 20wt%의 구리가 함침된 하이드로탈사이트 촉매의 활성화 에너지는 97.4 kJ/mol, 전 지수 인자는 5.904 × 10¹⁰를 이용하였다. 그리고 고유의 키네틱 데이터를 사용하여 반응온도 (200-450 ℃) 및 메탄올과 물의 몰비 변화에 따른 전환율을 관찰하였다. 또한 위의 키네틱 상수를 power law 모델을 사용하여 Axial 2D Symmetry 시뮬레이션을 통해 상용반응기(I.D. 0.05 - 0.1 m, Length 1 m)의 열 및 물질유동해석을 예측하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.419-424
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• 2010

The 125kW external reforming (ER) type molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) system for developing a commercial prototype has been operated at Boryeong thermal power plant site since the end of 2009. The system consists of 125kW stack with $10,000 cm^2$ effective area, mechanical balance of plant (MBOP) with anode recycle system, and electrical balance of plant (EBOP). The 125kW MCFC stack installed in December, 2009 has been operated from January, 2010 after 20 days pre-treatment. The stack open circuit voltage (OCV) was 214V at initial load operation, which approaches the thermodynamically theoretical voltage. The stack voltage remained stable range from 160V to 180V at the maximum generating power of 120 kW DC. The stack has been operated for 3,270 hours and operated at rated power for 1,200 hours.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.341-347
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 부탄 개질기 운전조건에 따른 SOFC 시스템 효율을 모델링을 통해 분석하였다. SOFC 시스템은 크게 개질기, SOFC, 폐열 회수 장치로 구성하였다. 탄화수소 개질 반응으로 선택한 수증기 개질 반응은 흡열반응인 데에 반해 SOFC 에서 일어나는 전기화학반응은 발열반응이다. 따라서 시스템의 열관리 방법에 따라 효율이 크게 달라진다. 세부적으로 수증기 개질 반응은 운전 온도에 따라 수증기 개질 반응과 예개질 반응으로 분류되는데, 해석 결과 예개질 반응을 적용한 SOFC 시스템의 경우 더 높은 효율을 나타내었다. 시스템의 효율은 SOFC 온도 유지를 위한 열량과 온수로 회수되는 열량에 따라 달라지는데, 예개질 반응을 적용할 경우, 열관리가 더욱 효율적이어서 높은 효율을 나타내는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1295-1300
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• 2010

The $CO_2-CH_4$ reaction catalyzed by Ni/silicon wafers was kinetically studied by using a photoacoustic technique. The catalytic reaction was performed at various partial pressures of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ (50 Torr total pressure of $CO_2/CH_4/N_2$) in the temperature range of 500 - $650^{\circ}C$ in a static reactor system. The photoacoustic signal that varied with the $CO_2$ concentration during the catalytic reaction was recorded as a function of time. Under the reaction conditions, the $CO_2$ photoacoustic measurements showed the as-prepared Ni thin film sample to be inactive for the reaction, while the $CO_2/CH_4$ reactions carried out in the presence of the sample pre-treated in $H_2$ at $600^{\circ}C$ were associated with significant time-dependent changes in the $CO_2$ photoacoustic signal. The rate of $CO_2$ disappearance was measured from the $CO_2$ photoacoustic signal data in the early reaction period of 50 - 150 sec to obtain precise kinetic data. The apparent activation energy for $CO_2$ consumption was determined to be 6.9 kcal/mol from the $CO_2$ disappearance rates. The partial reaction orders, determined from the $CO_2$ disappearance rates measured at various $PCO{_2}'S$ and $PCH{_4}'S$ at $600^{\circ}C$, were determined to be 0.33 for $CH_4$ and 0.63 for $CO_2$, respectively. Kinetic data obtained in these measurements were compared with previous works and were discussed to construct a catalytic reaction mechanism for the $CO_2-CH_4$ reaction over Ni/silicon wafer at low pressures.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.261-269
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 전산유체역학 상용 코드를 이용하여 곡유로 채널형 수소 개질기에 대한 수치 해석적 연구를 수행하였다. 상용코드에서 제공하는 연소모델의 사전 검증을 위하여 원통 채널형 개질기 형를 가지는 선행연구모델(23)에 대한 수치해석을 선행하여 수행하였고, 95% 이상 일치하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 선행연구모델의 수치해석을 통해 연소모델에 대한 해석 타당성검증이 완료된 후, 반응기 형태 변화가 메탄올 전환율과 수소생성에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 기존보다 유로의 길이가 증가한 곡유로 채널형 개질기를 설계하고, 유량조건($10/15/20{\mu}l/min$)을 변수로 수치해석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 원통 채널형 개질기와 곡유로 채널형 개질기에서 발생하는 유동 특성 및 물질전달 특성을 파악할 수 있었고, 그리고 유량에 따른 메탄올 전환율 및 수소 생성에 관한 유용한 정보를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.87-92
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• 2006

Ru이 첨가된 $Ni/Al_2O_3$ 촉매 상에서의 메탄 수증기 개질 반응을 수행하였다. 반응 전에 $H_2$를 사용한 전처리가 필요한 $Ni/Al_2O_3$ 촉매에 비해, $Ru/Ni/Al_2O_3$ 촉매는 별도의 전처리 과정이 없이도 우수한 반응 활성을 나타내었다. $CH_4-TPR$과 반응 후 촉매에 대한 $H_2-TPR$ 결과, 메탄의 분해반응에 의한 $RuO_x$의 환원이 저온($220^{\circ}C$)에서부터 진행되며, 환원된 Ru이 NiO의 환원을 촉진하게 되어 자발적인 환원이 일어나게 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 금속 입자의 분산도를 높이기 위하여 $Ru/Ni/Al_2O_3$ 촉매를 $45^{\circ}C$에서 2 h 동안 $7M\;NH_4OH$ 수용액에 담근 후 소성하여 반응을 수행하였다. $NH_4OH$ 수용액으로 처리한 $Ru/Ni/Al_2O_3$ 촉매는 상대적으로 더 높은 반응 활성을 나타내었으며, $H_2$-화학흡착과 XRD, XPS 분석 결과로부터 입자크기가 감소하고 금속의 분산도가 향상되었음을 확인할 수 있었다. $NH_4OH$ 수용액에 의한 촉매의 고분산을 이용하여 Ru의 함량을 감소시켜 소량의 첨가로 높은 반응 활성을 보이고자 하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.559-569
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• 2018

Catalytic supports made of carbon have many advantages, such as high coking resistance, tailorable pore and surface structures, and ease of recycling of waste catalysts. Moreover, they do not require pre-reduction. In this study, ash-free coal (AFC) was obtained by the thermal extraction of carbonaceous components from raw coal and its performance as a carbon catalytic support was compared with that of well-known activated carbon (AC). Nickel was dispersed on the carbon supports and the resulting catalysts were applied to the steam reforming of toluene (SRT), a model compound of biomass tar. Interestingly, nickel catalysts dispersed on AFC, which has a very small surface area (${\sim}0.13m^2/g$), showed higher activity than those dispersed on AC, which has a large surface area ($1,173A/cm^2$). X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the particle size of nickel deposited on AFC was smaller than that deposited on AC, with the average values on AFC ${\approx}11nm$ and on AC ${\approx}23nm$. This proved that heteroatomic functional groups in AFC, such as carboxyls, can provide ion-exchange or adsorption sites for the nano-scale dispersion of nickel. In addition, the pore structure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and chemical state of the prepared catalysts were analyzed using Brunauer-Emmett-Taylor (BET) analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR).

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2005년도 제17회 워크샵 및 추계학술대회
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• pp.140-148
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• 2005

The molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) is endowed with the high potential especially in future electric power generation industry by its own outstanding characteristics. KEPCO (KEPRI) started a 100 kW MCFC system development program in 1993 and has been executed 100kW system develpilot plant successfully completed first phaseopment by 2005 on the basis of successful results of 25kW system development. In this program, the components and mechanical structure for 100 kW stack and system construction were completed on last year and now system pre - commissioning was being executed. A 100 kW MCFC power plant was constructed at the site of Boryeong Thermal Power Plant. A 100 kW MCFC system has characterized as a high pressure operation mode, CO2 recycle, and externally reforming power generation system. The 100 kW MCFC system consisted with stacks which was made by two 50 kW sub-stacks, 90 cells with 6,000 cm2 active area and BOP including a reformer, a recycle blower, a catalytic burner, an inverter, and etc. The system has been operated from 13th of September on this year and produced 50 kW AC under atmospheric pressure condition and expected to operate by the end of this year.