• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.147-162
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• 2000

Predicting factors of post-stroke depression were investigated. The subjects were 254 stroke patients who had been discharged and visited regularly the outpatient clinic for follow up care. The influencing factors were classified into five categories : demographic, disease-related, current state, social support, and illness intrusiveness. Sex, age, job, and educational level were defined as the demographic factor. The disease-related factors included stroke type, illness duration, attack frequency, and NIH score. ADL, cognitive function, and social activity were considered as the current state factors. The social support was measured as the perceived amount of social support. Illness intrusiveness means the perceived illness induced life style disruptions. Demographic, disease-related, current state, and social support were hypothesized to directly and indirectly affect post-stroke depression through illness intrusiveness. The illness intrusiveness was hypothesized to directly affect post-stroke depression. The hierarchial multiple regression was used to identify significant factors. The result showed that this model explained 43.3% of variance of post-stroke depression. And the prevalence of post-stroke depression was 38.8%. Among the demographic factors, job was identified as a main contributor to indirectly increase the post-stroke depression. Among the disease-related factors, stroke type, attack frequency, and NIH score were found to indirectly affect the post-stroke depression. Among the current state factors, ADL and social activity indirectly affected the post-stroke depression through illness intrusiveness. Social support and illness intrusiveness were identified to directly affect the post-stroke depression. This study has proved the factors likely to be implicated in the development of post-stroke depression. Based upon these results, it is recommended that the nurses who take care of post-stroke patients consider the risk factors such as social support, illness intrusiveness et al. Also programs which decrease the illness intrusiveness and increase the social support to reduce post-stoke depression recommended to be developed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 2000

Objectives:This study was to investigate the post-stroke depression morbidity and to evaluate the post-stroke depression in relation to activities of daily living by using BDI(Beck's Depression Inventory)and MBI(Modified Barthel Index) in 45 patients with stroke. Methods:The subjects of this study were 45 stroke patients who were admittied to the Dong-Seo oriental hospital.The post-stroke depression was determined by using the BDI and the evaluation of activities daily living was measured by using the MBICollected data analysis were completed by using correlation analysis.Results:1. The post-stroke depression morbidity was 30%.2. The post-stroke depression have no significant correlation with activities of daily living skills.Conclusions:This study shows that the post-stroke depression have no significant correlation with impairment in activities of daily living.Advanced studies are required to investigate other factors that influence post-stroke depression and post-stroke depression follow-up studies.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.167-177
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• 2006

Objective : We aimed to study the relationship between the post-stroke depression and acceptance of the stroke. Method : For this study, 80 stroke patients were surveyed by using questionnaires for CES-D, acceptance for stroke, and social support. Result & Conclusion : 1. Acceptance for stroke varied inversely as the post-stroke depression. 2. The acceptance for the stroke appeased the negative influence caused by the stress of the stroke, and the post-stroke depression was biggest predictable variant. And location of the stroke were the predictable variants of the post-stroke depression. 3. When the gender, location of the stroke, motor power, age, period of stroke, and social support were controlled, the group with depression and the one without depression had a significant difference in the acceptance of the stroke.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.76-91
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• 2005

Stroke patients often develop post stroke sequelae when they survive. Post stroke fatigue and emotional disturbances including depression are common along with motor dysfunction. However, medical personnel have paid relatively little attention to emotional changes and the presence of fatigue following strokes. Post-stroke fatigue was common, occurring in 57% of the patients in our series. The post-stroke fatigue appears to be related to the pre-stroke fatigue, physical disability and post stroke depression (PSD) although the relation to the lesion location remains elusive. The prevalence of post-stroke emotional disturbance has been reported to range from 12% to 64%. The wide variation in the frequency of post stroke depression may be related to methodological heterogeneity in items such as the criteria for depression, the timing of assessment, and the study population. Emotional incontinence, which is characterized by inappropriate or excessive laughing or crying is also common. The incidence of and factor related to this post-stroke emotional incontinence (PSEI) also remains unclear. We reported that out-patients with single, unilateral stroke, 18% had PSD and 34% had PSEI. Although both PSD and PSEI were related to motor dysfunction and location (anterior vs. posterior cortex) of the lesion, the latter was a stronger determinant for PSD. PSEI was more closely associated with subcortical strokes than was PSD. Another manifestation of post stroke patients is the occurrence of post stroke anger proneness (PSAP). They may become easily irritated, impulsive, less generous, and prone to be angry or aggressive at others. We also have reported the PSAP which seems to be closely associated with the presence of PSEI. The lesion distribution appears to be also similar. Both PSEI and PSAP respond well to serotonin reuptake inhibitors suggesting that these symptomsmay be possibly related to the alteration of serotonin after brain injury. Likewise, PSAP also produces a great deal of frustration and embarrassment among patients and caregivers. In summary, emotional disturbances such as depression, emotional incontinence, anger-proneness and fatigue are fairly common but under-recognized sequelae of stroke. These emotional disturbances decrease the quality of life of the patients and caregivers, and may adversely affect the overall prognosis. Therefore, these problems must be appropriately recognized and alleviated. Finding strategies to relieve the symptoms is imperative by understanding the causative factors in individual patient.

• The Journal of the Society of Stroke on Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.86-94
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• 2012

Object : The purpose of this case report is to show an efficacy of Bunsimgi-eum(Fenxingiyin) for patient with Post-stroke Depression. Methods : This Patient was 64 year-old man who was diagnosed with Stroke by Brain MRI. And after the stroke, the patient showed some Post-stroke depression(PSD) behaviors, like mutism, waxy flexibility and have no willness of rehabilitation. He was treated by Herbal medicines, acupunctore and moxibustion therapy. 40 days after hospitalization, Bunsimgi-eum was prescribed to the patient. Results : After Bunsimgi-eum Herbal treatment, the symtoms of Post-stroke depression have improved remarkably. The grade of Rt. side hemiparesis and time of rehabilitation treat were also increased. Conclusions : This study suggests that Bunsimgi-eum could have a positive efficacy for Post-stroke depression. As a result, it makes the patient to take more rehabilitation treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.623-632
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of recovery of disability on post-stroke depression in stroke patients. Methods : Fifty patients with stroke were participated in this study. The stroke impact scale(SIS) was used to assess the recovery of disability according to stroke and short form of geriatric depression scale(SGDS) was used to assess the poststroke depression(PSD). Results : The suspicious for depression were exhibited in 38%(n=19) and patients with depression were 58% (n=26) of 50 patients with stroke. In correlation between recovery of disability and depression, emotion and recovery of stroke negatively correlated with depression(p<.05). Conclusion : These results demonstrates that patients with stroke need to manage and treat emotion for the prevention and management of PSD.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 2021

Objectives: To provide clinical evidence of pharmacopuncture treatment for post-stroke depression by reviewing randomized controlled trials on Traditional Chinese medicine pharmacopuncture for post-stroke depression. Methods: Randomized controlled trials on pharmacopuncture treatment for post-stroke depression were searched from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Literature searches of English and Chinese databases were performed. Selected literature was assessed with the Jadad scale. Results: Twelve papers were selected from 20 studies. The following results were obtained: 1) Pharmacopuncture was used for post-stroke depression; 2) Dengzhan-Xixin was the most used injection medicine for post-stroke depression; 3) BaiHui (GV20) was the most used in pharmacopuncture treatment; 4) Based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), it was confirmed that all studies using pharmacopunture had significant efficacy. Conclusions: For the treatment of post-stroke depression, Dengzhans-Xixin was commonly used as an injectable medication. Additional research studies on pharmacopuncture including its practical use are needed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2002

Objectives : The degree of post-stroke depression was observed and then correlated to the recovery rate of the motor functions of the above treated stroke patients. Methods : The BDI SCALE(Beck Depression Inventory Scale) and motor grades of 50 diagnosed stroke patients who were hospitalized in Dong-Seo Oriental Hospital between the period of May 2002 to September 2002 were measured. After a 1 month recovery period the BDI SCALE and motor grade of the above mentioned patients were again measured and a correlation was observed. Results : A lower BDI SCALE was observed in patients with a higher motor grade recovery rate. Conclusion : The treatment of post-stroke depression is imperative for positive effects on the motor functions of stroke patients.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.206-214
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• 1999

The effect s of social support on post-stroke depression were investigated. Social support was classified into three categories : primary caregiver's, significant other's, and professional support. And primary caregiver's and significant other's support were divided into their relation, living state (which means they living together or not), frequency which they met at, and perceived satisfaction about the support, respectively. Professional support was divided into number of professionals who take care of, frequency they met at, and perceived satisfaction. The subjects were 254 stroke patients who had been discharged and were taken follow-up care at the out patient department. The depression was measured using CES-D. Out of the primary caregiver's support, only relation and perceived satisfaction were identified to affect the post-stroke depression. The patients who primarily their spouse takes care of were less depressed than those who their adult children take care of. None of the significant other's support affects the post-stroke depression. Only perceived satisfaction of the professional support was found to affect the post-stroke depression. So it was found that the quality, not the amount, of care was important to post-stroke depression. These results also support the claim that the facilities and teaching programs for primary caregivers are necessary.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.223-230
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• 2016

Stroke leads to a variety of pathophysiological conditions such as ischemic infarct, cerebral inflammation, neuronal damage, cognitive decline, and depression. Many endeavors have been tried to find the therapeutic solutions to attenuate severe neuropathogenesis after stroke. Several studies have reported that a decrease in the neuropeptide regulator 'galanin' is associated with neuronal loss, learning and memory dysfunctions, and depression following a stroke. The present review summarized recent evidences on the function and the therapeutic potential of galanin in post-ischemic stroke to provide a further understanding of galanin's role. Hence, we suggest that galanin needs to be considered as a therapeutic factor in the alleviation of post-stroke pathologies.