• 약학회지
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.338-344
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• 2011

This study aimed to identify the changes in the list of drugs covered by national health insurance(NHI) after the introduction of positive list system (PLS) in Korea in December, 2006. Six-year (pre-policy:2004-2006, post-policy:2007-2009) lists of the NHI reimbursable drugs filed from Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service (HIRA) were analyzed. The total number of listed drugs as well as drug ingredients, and the average number of listed drugs per manufacturer decreased annually after the introduction of PLS. More than 8,000 drugs were delisted in the year 2007 right after the policy change. Prescription-only drugs occupied more than 85% of NHI listed drugs. The percentage of oral type of listed drugs has been increased to more than 60% after the policy change. Korean pharmaceutical manufacturers occupied more than 90% of listed drugs than multinational firms. The gap between Korean and foreign manufacturer in terms of the average number of newly listed drugs per manufacturer in each year has decreased two years after the PLS (Korean 7.7 vs. foreign 6.3 in 2009) as the price negotiation power of foreign firms has increased. The total number of listed drugs is expected to decrease in the future as the Korean government makes an effort to delist the unnecessary drugs that do not show cost-effectiveness.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.281-282
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• 2019

미국선녀벌레에 방제효과가 높은 3종 (데리스, 시트로넬라, 계피)의 식물추출물과 보조제 (잔탄검과 실리콘 계열 화합물)를 함유하는 조성물을 개발하였다. 이 조성물은 인삼 재배지에서 미국선녀벌레 방제효과가 90% 이상으로 높았다. 또한 다른 흡즙성 해충에도 살충률이 높아 PLS (positive list system) 전면 시행에 따른 대응방안으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.310-315
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• 2018

'농약 허용물질목록 관리제도(Positive List System, PLS)'는 당해 농산물에 등록된 농약 잔류허용기준이 없으면 일률기준 0.01 mg/kg을 적용하는 제도이다. 본 연구에서는 경기도 내에서 유통되는 열대과일류의 잔류농약 모니터링을 실시하여 PLS의 실효성을 검토하고, 국내 재배 열대과일의 농약 잔류허용기준 설정에 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 경기도 내 유통되는 열대과일류 120건에 대해 다종농약다성분 분석법에 따라 잔류농약 220종을 검사한 결과 바나나, 망고, 키위 3품목 7건에서 6종의 잔류농약이 검출되었다. 바나나에서 azoxystrobin와 chlorpyrifos, 망고에서 chlorfenapyr, 키위에서 chlorothalonil, iprodione, procymidone이 검출되었다. 그 중 국내산 망고에서 chlorfenapyr, 국내산 키위에서 chlorothalonil이 각각 1건씩 검출되었고 PLS 적용 결과 잔류허용기준을 초과하여 부적합 판정 되었다. 따라서 국내에서 재배되는 열대과일류를 대상으로 농약 잔류허용기준을 설정할 필요가 있다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2018

As a part of efforts to establish the positive list system (PLS) in South Korea, a method to determine residual emamectin benzoate (EB) in various aquatic products using QuEChERS-EDTA and LC-MRM was developed. The developed method was validated in the aspects of specificity, linearity (correlation coefficient of at least 0.996), sensitivity (the limit of detection and the lower limit of quantitation ${\leq}5ng/g$), recovery (the recovery range of 87.4 and 96.2), and precision (the relative standard deviation of recovery between 0.9 and 13.5). Additionally, the validated method was successfully applied for monitoring EB contamination in eel, halibut, and shrimp collected from local food markets. To our knowledge, the present method is the first one to determine residual EB in various aquatic products at the level satisfying the PLS and could contribute to the establishment of the PLS in South Korea.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.218-228
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• 2018

The government should establish internationally harmonious regulations for effective import and export of necessary resources to other countries. However, the use and the number of pesticides used for the same purpose on same crops are depending on the soil and the climate where the crops are grown. Therefore, if internationally harmonized standards are difficult to establish, it is mandatory to conduct a risk assessment based on scientific data to reflect the domestic situation in order to avoid trade friction or conflict between countries. The government is preparing the implementation of a more regulated PLS (positive list systme) than the existing pesticide management system for safer pesticide management reflecting the recent increasing imported food, changing dietary habits, and changing climate. In order for effectively safe and scientific management of pesticides, the government should strive to communicate with consumers properly and the perception of pesticides by consumers should also be changed.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: The pesticide residue in rotational crop is one of the main concerns to agricultural products because it has the potentiality of violating positive list system (PLS). Thus, the crops used for the rotational cultivation should be considered the pesticide residue patterns to meet the PLS guideline. In this study, we evaluated the residue patterns of fungicide azoxystrobin in radish based on plant back interval (PBI) experiment. METHODS AND RESULTS: Azoxystrobin was treated onto greenhouse soil at 217 g a.i./10a in two different regions. Radishes were sown onto the soil 30 and 60 days after azoxystrobin treatment. The soil and plant samples were subjected to a modified QuEChERS method and LC/MS/MS analyses to determine the residues of azoxystrobin. The methods were validated to meet the guidelines of the pesticide residue analysis recommended by the Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. Azoxystrobin was dissipated significantly in soil during the experimental period and found as a level less than 0.01 mg/kg in radish 30 and 60 days after treatment. Azoxystrobin residues in radish samples were lower than the maximum residue limit (MRL) for root vegetables. CONCLUSION(S): This study suggests 30 days as a PBI for rotational cultivation of radish in greenhouse soil that had been treated with azoxystrobin at a level of 217 g a.i./10a.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 2021

Nitarsone is an organoarsenic antiprotozoal drug widely used to treat blackhead disease in turkeys and chickens. However, since its biological conversion into inorganic arsenic, a carcinogen was known, its residue in foods should be regulated. Thus, here, a novel method to determine residual nitarsone in various food commodities (pork, milk, egg, halibut, eel, and shrimp) using QuEChERS and LC-MRM was developed. The developed method was successfully validated through specificity, linearity (coefficient of determination, at least 0.991), recovery (R, 63.6 - 85.6%), precision (the relative standard deviation of R, 0.5 - 10.6%), and sensitivity (the lower limit of quantitation, 5 ppb) by following the Ministry of food and drug safety (MFDS) guidelines. The present method is the first mean to quantitate nitarsone using LC-MRM, and it was designed to be conveniently merged into a new method to quantitate multiple veterinary drugs for the positive list system (PLS). Therefore, the present method could contribute to fortify the food safety system in South Korea.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.214-221
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• 2020

BACKGROUND: The demand for pesticide registration has kept increasing for minor crop cultivation in greenhouse since Positive List System (PLS) has been launched. Thus, much study on the evaluation of pesticide residues in minor crops is required to examine the demand. In this study, we evaluated residues of acetamiprid, boscalid, imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin in the minor crop mustard green to provide the potential data for their registration. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pesticide granule formulations of acetamiprid, boscalid, imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin were incorporated into soil and applied onto field soil surface at rates of 3 kg/10a, 6 kg/10a, 3 kg/10a and 6 kg/10a, respectively. The pesticides were also applied at the two times higher than the rates to compare the residues between the application rates. Mustard green seeds were sown 1 day after pesticide application and cultivated under greenhouse conditions. LC/MS/MS analyses coupled with a modified QuEChERs method were employed for determination of the pesticides in plant samples. The method limits of quantitation (LOQ) of the pesticides were 0.01 mg/kg, and the matrix calibration curves of the pesticides showed linearity with coefficient values of determination (r²) greater than 0.995. The average recovery values of the pesticides fortified in control samples at rates of LOQ and 10LOQ ranged from approximately 77.5% to 101.2% with relative standard deviation values lower than 14%. The pesticides in the mustard green samples cultivated for 53 days after sown were determined to be lower than the LOQ level. CONCLUSION: Acetamiprid, boscalid, imidacloprid and pyraclostrobin were found at a level lower than 0.01 mg/kg in the minor crop mustard green. Thus, their residues in mustard green would not violate PLS under greenhouse conditions.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.689-690
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• 2022

돌발성 해충인 매미나방의 방제체계 수립을 위해 시판 유기농업자재 21종에 대한 살충 활성을 실내 검정하였다. 90% 이상의 살충 활성을 보인 유기농업자재 11종을 선발하였으며, 유효성분들을 분석하였다. PLS 제도의 대응하여 본 연구 결과는 돌발성 매미나방의 친환경 방제 및 향후 유기농업자재의 개발에도 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.239-247
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• 2021

본 연구는 2019년 1월 1일부터 전체 농산물에 확대 적용된 농약 허용물질목록관리제도(PLS)가 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 2018년부터 2020년까지 경기도 유통 농산물 검사 자료 28,693건을 대상으로 잔류농약 실태를 조사하였다. 전체 검사 실적 대비 기준 초과 비율은 2018년 1.0%, 2019년 1.2%, 2020년 1.2%로 나타났고, 잔류농약 검출 비율은 2018년 12.9%, 2019년 25.1%, 2020년 37.3%로 증가하였다. 2019년 기준초과 114건 중 55건이 일률기준(0.01 mg/kg) 적용이었고, 2020년 기준초과 115건 중 66건이 일률기준 적용이었다. 이를 개선하기 위해서는 비의도적 오염, 미등록 작물에 관행적 사용, 부정 농약에 대한 관리가 필요해 보인다. Fluquinconazole은 비의도적 오염이 원인이었고, diazinon, chlorothalonil, methabenzthiazuron은 미등록 작물에 관행적 사용이 원인이었다. Chinomethionat은 과거에 폐기된 농약 성분으로 밀수 농약 사용이 원인이었다. 본 연구 결과와 이후 모니터링 자료는 앞으로 제도 보완 및 현장 관리 강화를 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.