• Macromolecular Research
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.491-498
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• 2005

Fluorene-containing, spiro-type, conjugated polymers were synthesized via the cyclopolymerization of dipropargylfluorenes (2-substituted, X=H, Br, Ac, $ NO_{2}$) with various transition metal catalysts. The polymerization of dipropargylfluorenes proceeded well using Mo-based catalysts to give a high polymer yield. The catalytic activities of the Mo-based catalysts were found to be more effective than those of W-based catalysts. The palladium (II) chloride also increased the polymer yield of the polymerization. The polymer structure of poly(dipropargylfluorene)s was characterized by such instrumental methods as NMR ($^{1}H_{-}$, $^{13}C_{-}$), IR, UV-visible spectroscopies, and elemental analysis as having the conjugated polymer backbone bearing fluorene moieties. The $^{13}C_{-}$NMR spectral data on the quaternary carbon atoms in polymers indicated that the conjugated cyclopolymers have the six-membered rings majorly. The poly(dipropargylfluorene) derivatives were completely soluble in halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride, chloroform, benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene. The poly(dipropargylfluorene) derivatives were thermally more stable than poly(dipropargylfluorene) itself, and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the polymers are mostly amorphous. The photoluminescence peaks of the polymers were observed at about 457-491 nm, depending on the substituents of fluorene moieties.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1305-1310
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• 2007

A conjugated spirocyclic polymer was synthesized via the cyclopolymerization of 1,1-dipropargyl-1- silacyclohexane with various transition metal catalysts. The monomer, 1,1-dipropargyl-1-silacyclohexane was synthesized by Grignard reaction of 1,1-dichloro-1-silacyclohexane with propargyl magnesium bromide. This polymerization proceeded well to give the corresponding poly(1,1-dipropargyl-1-silacyclohexane). The catalytic activity of WCl6 was found to be similar with that of MoCl5. The structure of polymer having the conjugated backbone with silacyclohexane moieties was characterized by such instrumental methods as NMR (1H-, 13C-), IR, and UV-visible spectroscopies. The resulting polymers were mostly yellow or light-brown powders, depending on the catalyst systems used. This polymer was completely soluble in halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons such as chloroform, 1,2-dichloromethane, benzene, toluene, and chlorobenzene, etc. The thermal and oxidative stabilities of polymer were also studied and discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.21-28
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• 2022

Ginseng is described as the "King of all herbs, "Man-root" or "Root of heaven" and regarded as the most powerful herbal remedy, particularly grown in Korea, China, Japan, Vietnam, and North America. It has been in existence for a long time. The most demanded herbal cure, Ginseng, principally the root, has long been employed in traditional Asian medicine. The extent of availability of bioactive combinations and their impact on the body differs between American and Asian ginseng. Asian ginseng, also known as Panax ginseng, has a more calming influence and is more advantageous than American ginseng, such as Panax quinquefolius. The pharmaceutical aspect of development and extraction with diverse morphological properties is examined. Saponins, glycosides, carbohydrates, polyacetylenes, amino acids, vitamins, volatile oil, enzymes are all present in the Phyto-content of Ginseng. Ginsenosides are saponins that are constituents of the triterpenoid dammarane and have anticancer, anti-cardiovascular, anti-microbial, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Ginseng, in particular, has the possibility to help with microbial invasion, inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, and diabetes. It developed nanoparticles and nanocomposite film technologies as novel drug delivery platforms for cancer, inflammation, and neurological illnesses. Furthermore, it offers a range of applications that will be vital for future growth.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.214-224
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• 2022

Red ginseng oil (RGO), rather than the conventional aqueous extract of red ginseng, has been receiving much attention due to accumulating evidence of its functional and pharmacological potential. In this review, we describe the key extraction technologies, chemical composition, potential health benefits, and safety of RGO. This review emphasizes the proposed molecular mechanisms by which RGO is involved in various bioactivities. RGO is mainly produced using organic solvents or supercritical fluid extraction, with the choice of method greatly affecting the yield and quality of the end products. RGO contains a high unsaturated fatty acid levels along with considerable amounts of lipophilic components such as phytosterols, tocopherols, and polyacetylenes. The beneficial health properties of RGO include cellular defense, antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, chemoprevention, hair growth promotion, and skin health improvement. We propose several molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that underlie the bioactivity of RGO. In addition, RGO is regarded as safe and nontoxic. Further studies on RGO must focus on a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms, composition-functionality relationship, and verification of the bioactivities of RGO in clinical models. This review may provide useful information in the development of RGO-based products in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and functional cosmetics.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.506-514
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• 2023

Dementia has become one of the most important diseases threatening human health. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) have the highest incidence rates among the types of dementia, but until now, therapeutic methods have been limited. Panax ginseng has been used in China for thousands of years to treat dementia, and modern medical studies have found that it contains multiple active components, such as ginsenosides, polysaccharides, amino acids, volatile oils and polyacetylenes, many of which have therapeutic effects in treating AD and VaD. Studies have found that ginsenosides have multitarget therapeutic effects in treating dementia, such as regulation of synaptic plasticity and the cholinergic system, inhibition of Aβ aggravation and tau hyperphosphorylation, anti-neuroinflammation, anti-oxidation effects and anti-apoptosis effects. Other active components of Panax ginseng, such as gintonin, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and ginseng proteins, also have therapeutic effects on AD and VaD. The effectiveness of ginseng-containing Chinese medicine compounds has also been confirmed by clinical and basic investigations in treating AD and VaD. In this review, we summarized the potential therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of Panax ginseng in treating AD and VaD to provide some examples for further studies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.266-275
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• 2024

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells that exhibit stem cell-like characteristics, including self-renewal and differentiation in a multi-stage lineage state via symmetric or asymmetric division, causing tumor initiation, heterogeneity, progression, and recurrence and posing a major challenge to current anticancer therapy. Despite the importance of CSCs in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, currently available anticancer therapeutics have limitations for eradicating CSCs. Moreover, the efficacy and therapeutic windows of currently available anti-CSC agents are limited, suggesting the necessity to optimize and develop a novel anticancer agent targeting CSCs. Ginseng has been traditionally used for enhancing immunity and relieving fatigue. As ginseng's long history of use has demonstrated its safety, it has gained attention for its potential pharmacological properties, including anticancer effects. Several studies have identified the bioactive principles of ginseng, such as ginseng saponin (ginsenosides) and non-saponin compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, and phenolic compounds), and their pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifatigue, and neuroprotective effects. Notably, recent reports have shown the potential of ginseng-derived compounds as anti-CSC agents. This review investigates the biology of CSCs and efforts to utilize ginseng-derived components for cancer treatment targeting CSCs, highlighting their role in overcoming current therapeutic limitations.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.663-668
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• 2023

Ginseng root is a medicinal plant widely used in Korea for its immunity enhancing and anti-fatigue properties. However, its bitter taste has a negative impact on the expansion of the ginseng market. In this study, we determined the bitter tasting compounds of ginseng using an electronic tongue. The results of measuring bitterness showed that phenolic compounds and polyacetylenes of ginseng had low bitterness. On the other hand, the bitterness was strong in ginsenosides and alkaloids of ginseng. Among them, the bitterness of ginseng was higher in ginsenosides than in alkaloids. Theses results suggest that ginsenosides have a significant affect on the bitter taste of ginseng.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-83
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• 2000

Polyacetylenes were extracted from Korean ginseng using supercritical $CO_2$ Yield of extraction of panaxydol and panaxynol was increased as the pressure of supercritical $CO_2$ increased at the range from 200 to 300 bar. The optimal yields of panaxydol and panaxynol was achieved at 65 and $55^{\circ}C$, respectively. Methanol was applied as a modifier. The highest yield of panaxydol and panaxynol were 0.230 and 0.054 mg/g-dry weight at modifier concentration of 10%(w/w), 300 bar, and $65^{\circ}C$. When these results were compared to that of methanol-extraction, the recoveries of panaxydol and panaxynol by supercritical $CO_2$ extraction in SFE were 37.8 and 55.1%, respectively.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2019

Here, we designed to examine the anti-inflammatory effects on RAW264.7 cells and the immunosuppressive effects by evaluating interleukin-2 (IL-2) production in Jurkat T cells using a MeOH extract of Panax notoginseng roots. The results showed that the MeOH extract inhibited the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) in a dose-dependent manner (IC₅₀ value of 7.08 ㎍/mL) and displayed effects on T cell activation at a concentration of 400 ㎍/mL. In efforts to identify the potent compounds, bioactivity-guided fractionation of the MeOH extract and chemical investigation of its active CH₂Cl₂-, EtOAc-, and butanol-soluble fractions led to the successful isolation and identification of eleven compounds, including two polyacetylenes (1, 2), a steroid saponin (3), seven dammarane-type ginsenosides (4 - 10), and an oleanane-type ginsenoside (11). Among them, compound 11 was isolated from this plant for the first time. Compound 2 exhibited potent inhibitory effects on NO synthesis and an immunosuppressive effect with IC₅₀ values of 2.28 and 65.57 μM, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.73-80
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• 1998

In order to reconstruct the traditional technology of Korean golden varnish coatings, this study was carried out to separate and determine some main coloring components of the exudates of D. morbifera and its traditionally refined golden varnishes using a process of solvent extractions, chromatographies and spectrometries. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The exudate and its traditional-refined golden varnishes appear to have a kind of natural polyacetylenes because it has some triple bond peaks in FT-IR spectrometry. 2. Some yellowing spots of the polar-solvent extrats from the exudates and refined varnishes separated on TLC appeared under natural drying condition, but those of non-polar solvent extract such as hexane did not. 3. A traditional refining method for reconstructing a Korea golden varnishes was thought to be better than solvent separation because the former had higher triple-bond peaks than the latter in FT-IR spectrometry. 4. One of main conponents in the hexane-extracts of the traditional-refined varnishes and the exudates had the same molcular weighr of 204, but the fragmentation patterns was a little different between the exudate and the refined. in LC-MS soectrometry.