• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.109-116
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• 2011

Purpose : Pneumococcus is one of the most important causes of invasive infection through the childhood period. In January 2008, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) published revised penicillin breakpoints for Streptococcus pneumoniae and penicillin susceptibility rates of S. pneumoniae increased in Korea. This study was performed to determine the probability of oral amoxicillin for the empirical treatment achieving bactericidal exposure against pneumococcus using pharmacodynamics model. Methods : Twenty-three isolates of pneumococci were subjected to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ${\beta}$-lactams and macrolide. For the ${\beta}$-lactams, exposure of fT >MIC (time that free drug concentrations remain above the MIC) for 50% of the administration interval have determined the probability of target attainment (PTA), and regimens that had a PTA >90% were considered optimal. An analysis was performed by applying MIC of 23 isolates to a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation model. Results : Among 23 isolates from healthy children, 7 (30.4%) isolates were MIC ${\leq}$1.0 ${\mu}g$/mL and 19 (82.6%) were MIC ${\leq}$2 ${\mu}g$/mL for amoxicillin. Amoxicillin 40 mg/kg/day achieved PTA >90% at MIC ${\leq}$1.0 ${\mu}g$/mL but PTA decreased to 52% at MIC 2 ${\mu}g$/mL, whereas amoxicillin 90 mg/kg/day can predict 97% of PTA at MIC 2 ${\mu}g$/mL. Overall, oral amoxicillin 90 mg/ kg/day for the empirical treatment against pneumococcus can expect more successful response in Korean children. Conclusion : Considering the resistantce pattern of pneumococci in Korean children, we estimate that oral amoxicillin 90 mg/kg/day will provide a pharmacodynamic advantage for the empirical treatment against pneumococcus. And low dose amoxicillin or macrolide are expected to have higher chance of treatment failure than high dose oral amoxicillin.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.67-77
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• 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to identify the vaccination rate for pneumococcus among aged 65 or older, and at the same time to determine the reasons for vaccination or non-vaccination. Methods: The population of this study was aged 65 or older, with a total of 1,150 subjects to be analyzed and a computer assisted telephone interviewing was used. The survey included pneumococcal vaccination status, reasons of vaccination, sources of information on vaccination, reasons for not vaccination, and other related factors. Results: The vaccination rate for pneumococcus among aged 65 or older was 56.2 percent, lower than 69.0 percent in the U.S. (2017), and 69.2 percent in the U.K. (2019). Among the factors related to the pneumococcal vaccination, the groups with the high vaccination rate were women, low age groups, residents of urban areas, people without a job, people with high education, medical insurance subscribers, married people, and people who have family members. In addition, the groups with high vaccination rates were those with high awareness, those who received recommendations from doctors, those who had vaccination records, those who believed in vaccination effects, and those who saw public service advertisements. Conclusions: In the future, it is necessary to develop alternatives to accurately manage vaccination records for adults who are not eligible for state support, and regular adult vaccination rates should be calculated so that they can be used as evidence for the country's infection control policy.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.122-130
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in vaccination status and awareness between influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations in the elderly. Methods: This cross-sectional study was used with a questionnaire. Data were collected from 107 older people over 65 years registered at one community center in December, 2012. The data were analysed with Chi-square, Fisher's exact-test, Wilcoxon Signed rank sum test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskall-Wallis test. Results: There were significant differences in the experiences of vaccination and reason for unvaccination by vaccine types. The mean scores for awareness of vaccination were 1.81 (range 0~3) in influenza and 1.50 in pneumococcus (range 0~3). There was a significant difference in awareness by vaccine types (Z=6.12, p<.001). There was a positive association between influenza and pneumococcal vaccination awareness (rho=.236, p=.014). Conclusion: This study showed different vaccination status and awareness in vaccine types. It is necessary to consider vaccination status and awareness by vaccine types of the target population in the education program related to vaccination.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1974

During March to October 1973 at National Medical Center, one thousand four hundred sixty four pathogens that exclude penicillin sensitive organisms such as gonococcus, pneumococcus, streptococcus; ampicillin sensitive H. influenzae and gentamicin sensitive pseudomonas spp, were isolated. These strains identified as follows: Sta. aureus 399 E. coli 359 Sta. epidermidis 183 Klebsiella spp 171 Proteus spp 103 B. anitratum 80 Salmonella spp 68 Enterococcus 53 Shigella spp 48 In general, Sta. epidermidis is regarded as nonpathogen, however, author included pure culture of this bacteria in this study. 1. High susceptibility to staphylococcus reveals cephalosporin, methicillin, gentamicin & leucomycin. 2. Ampicillin is only one susceptible antibiotic to Enterococcus. 3. Cephalosporin and gentamicin reveal susceptible antibiotics to E. coli. 4. Gentamicin is only one susceptible antibiotic to Klebsiella spp. 5. Gentamicin & carbenicillin reveal moderately susceptible antibiotics to Proteus spp. 6. There is no susceptible antibiotic to B. anitratum. 7. About thirty percent strains of salmonella are resistant to chloramphenicol. 8. Carbenicillin, cephalosporin & gentamicin reveal susceptible to shigella spp. 9. Multiple resistant rate to more than two antibiotics which includes tetracycline are as follows. Sta. aureus 56.5% E. coli. 80.9% Shigella spp 93.8%

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.398-405
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• 2005

Polyamines such as putrescine are small, ubiquitous polycationic molecules that are required for optimal growth of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. These molecules have diverse effects on cell physiology and their intracellular content is regulated by de novo synthesis and uptake from the environment. The studies presented here examined the structure of a putative polyamine transporter (Pot) operon in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and growth of pneumococci in medium containing putrescine substituted for choline. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that the four genes encoding the Pot system are co-transcribed with murB, a gene involved in an intermediary step of peptidoglycan synthesis. Pneumococci grown in chemically-defined media (CDM) containing putrescine without choline enter logarithmic phase growth after 36-48 hs. However, culture density at stationary phase eventually reaches that of choline-containing medium. Cells grown in CDM-putrescine formed abnormally elongated chains in which the daughter cells failed to separate and the choline-binding protein PspA was no longer cell-associated. Experiments with CDM containing radiolabeled putrescine demonstrated that pneumococci concentrate this polyamine in cell walls. These data suggest that pneumococci can replicate without choline if putrescine is available and this polyamine may substitute for aminoalcohols in the cell wall teichoic acids.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2001

Heat shock proteins serve as chaperone by preventing the aggregation of denatured proteins and promote survival of pathogens in harsh environments. In this study, heat shock gene encoding a 84-kDa (p84) protein, which is one of the three major heat shock proteins in S. pneumoniae, was cloned and characterized. PCR with a forward primer derived from N-terminal amino acid sequence of the p84 and a reverse primer derived from the conserved second ATP-binding region of Clp family was used for amplification of the gene encoding the p84 and subsequently the PCR product was used for sequence determination. Sequence analysis of the p84 gene demonstrated that it is a member of ClpL. The deduced amino acid sequence of pneumococcal ClpL shows homology with other members of the Clp family, and particularly, even in variable leader region, with bovine Clp-like protein and L. lactis ClpL. S. pneumoniae clpL is the smallest clop member (701 amono acids) containing the two conserved ATP-binding regions, and hydrophilic N-terminal variable region of pneu-mococcal Clp ATPase is much shorter than any known Clp ATPases. Histidine tagged ClpL was overexpressed and purified from E. coli. Immunoblot analysis employing antisera raised against pneumococcus p84 demonstrated no cross-reactivity with Clp analog in Eschericha coli, Staphylococcus aureus and human HeLa cells. Preimmunization of mice with ClpL extended mice life partially but did not protect them from death.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.34 no.1_2
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

Induction and purification of the GroEL homolog from Streptococcus pneumolliae were characterized. The stress conditions were determined by temperature, ethanol, NaCI, $H_2O_2$ methyl methanesulfonate, and ethyl methanesulfonate. And stress induced proteins were analyzed using [$^{35}S$]-methionine labeling method. Heat shock induced the synthesis of a set of about 3 heat shock proteins (hsps) (65, 73, and 84-kDa). Of those 3 hsps, a 65 kDa protein, hsp65, was purified by DEAE-Sephacel and ATP-agarose column chromatography, and used for antibody preparation. Immunoblot analysis employing antisera raised against pneumococcus hsp65 demonstrated cross-reactivity with a 60 kDa protein in Eschericha coli. Also cross reaction of the purified p65 with anti-Escherichia coli GroEL monoclonal antibody demonstrated that pneumococcal hsp65 is the GroEL homolog.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1740-1745
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• 2004

In order to evaluate the in vitro synergic effect of Eunkyo-san, with quinolone antibiotics, rufloxacin (RUFX), the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), MIC50 and MIC90 of single use of quinolones and concomitant treatment with Eunkyo-san against 9 strains of aerobic gram positive bacteria. The obtained results were as follows : In the case of aerobic gram positive bacteria, the MIC, MIC50 and MIC90 against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus smith, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus pyogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae Type Ⅰ, Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅲ was significantly decreased in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san compared to those of single treated groups of RUFX, respectively. However, no significant changes were demonstrated against Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis. In conclusion, the in vitro antibacterial activity of RUFX were increased against some strains of aerobic gram positive strains, especially, pneumococcus such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2001

Heat shock proteins serve as chaperone by preventing the aggregation of denatured proteins and promote survival of pathogens in harsh environments. In bacteria, ethanol shock induced the major chaperone GroEL and DnaK, but in Streptococcus pneumoniae, it induced neither GroEL nor DnaK but alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). In this study, ADH gene encoding a 104-kDa (p104) protein was identified and characterized. The deduced amino acid sequence of pneumococcal ADH shows homology with other members of the ADH family, and particularly with Entamoeba histolytica ADH2 and E. coli ADH. S. pneumoniae adh is composed of 883 amino acids and its estimated isoelectric point is 6.09. Although ADH is conserved between S. pneumoniae and E. coli, immunoblot analysis employing antisera raised against pneumococcus ADH demonstrated no cross-reactivity with ADH analog in Eschericha coli, Staphylococcus aureus and human HeLa cells. Also secretion of ADH was demonstrated by subcellular fractionation and immunoblot analysis of proteins. These results suggest that S. pneumoniae ADH could be a highly feasible candidate for both diagnostic marker and vaccine.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1969

The authors made a clinical study of 80 cases of empyema who were diagnosed and treated at department of chest surgery, St. Mary`s Hospital, Chatholic Medical College, during the period of May.l964 through April.1969 and compared the empyema of infant and children with that of adults. 1. In age and sex ditribution, infant was 6 cases, childhood 22 cases and adult 52 cases. The ratio of male to female was 2.2:1. There`s a little difference in infant-childhood but prominence of males over females in adults was being 3. 3:1, in its ratio. 2. The cardinal symptoms were cough [61.3%], fever [60.0%] and dyspnea [52.8%]. The leukocytosis were observed in 83.7% of all cases, 96.2% of infant-childhood and 76.9% of adults. The hemoglobin level showed subnormal in 82.1% of infant-childhood and in 55.8% of adults. 3. Most frequent lesion to predisposing factor of empyema was pneumonia [43.7%],being prominent in infants children [64.3%] to that of adult 4. The Pathogenic organism by culture in 75 cases of empyema were staphylococuss [48%], streptococuss[9.3%], Gram[-] bacilli [9.3%], Klebsiella[2.7%], pneumococcus[4.0%], E. coli [5.4%] and no growth 21.3% in over all. Among the cases of empyema. staphlocal origin was 62.9% in infant-childfood and 39.6% adults. 5. Staphylococci were most susceptible to erythromycin [86. 1%], Kanamycin [75.0%], albamycin [61.7%] and neomycin [52.8%] but most resistant to penicillin, Chtoramphenicol and terramycin. 6. In the treatment of empyema, of 53 cases were closed thoracotomy drainage and the remainder of cases by open thoracotomy, decortication, thoracoplasty and pleuropneumonectomy. we could attain favourable results by only the closed thoracotomy in infant-childhood, 28 cases. 7. The mortality rate was 6.3% in over all; adult 3 cases, infant and children 2 cases. 3 cases of these, were due to staphylococcal infection.