• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.282-288
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• 1993

Very little utilization of the fruits of Malus baccata(Rosaceae) has been employed for food and medicinal plants except for preparing fruit beverages. But, it was estimated as valuable to investigate the chemical components for the botanical resource of this plant. In this study, it was found that the fruits of this plant contained primary long chain alcohol, ${\beta}-sitosterol$, campesterol, ursolic acid and ${\beta}-_D-glucosides$ of ${\beta}-sitosterol$ and campesterol. However, phloretin(dihydrochalcone) and its 5-O-glucoside(phloridzin) known as plant growth regulators in many Rosaceae plants were not found in this plant material by co-TLC analysis with authentic specimens. Although plant sex hormone, estrone, was often contained in relates of M. baccata, e.g., Prunus spp., Crataegus spp. and Malus spp., this compound was not detected in this fruit by comparison with an authentic material. By RIC chromatography, it was suggested that the Soxhlet extraction by the solvent of ether was excellently useful to extract ursolic acid efficiently.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2017

Objectives: Semecarpus anacardium Linn. is a plant well-known for its antimicrobial, antidiabetic and anti-arthritic properties in the Ayurvedic and Siddha system of medicine. This has prompted the screening of this plant for antibacterial activity. The main aims of this study were to isolate compounds from the plant's seeds and to evaluate their antibacterial effects on clinical bacterial test strains. Methods: The n-butanolic concentrate of the seed extract was subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) and repeated silica gel column chromatography followed by elution with various solvents. The compound was identified based on observed spectral (IR, $^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry) data. The well diffusion method was employed to evaluate the antibacterial activities of the isolated acyclic isoprenoid compound (final concentration: $5-15{\mu}g/mL$) on four test bacterial strains, namely, Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 96), Bacillus cereus (MTCC 430), Escherichia coli (MTCC 1689) and Acinetobacter baumannii (MTCC 9829). Results: Extensive spectroscopic studies showed the structure of the isolated compound to be an acyclic isoprenoid ($C_{21}H_{32}O$). Moreover, the isoprenoid showed a remarkable inhibition of bacterial growth at a concentration of $15{\mu}g/mL$ compared to the two other doses tested (5 and $10{\mu}g/mL$) and to tetracycline, a commercially available antibiotic that was used as a reference drug. Conclusion: The isolation of an antimicrobial compound from Semecarpus anacardium seeds validates the use of this plant in the treatment of infections. The isolated compound found to be active in this study could be useful for the development of new antimicrobial drugs.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.747-752
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• 2007

This study was carried out to identify and quantify the flavonoids from 6 different plant parts of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum (AVP), including the flower, leaf, root, stem, flower stalk, and flower seed, using liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Two major flavonoids were structurally identified as quercetin (3,5,7,3'4,'-pentahydroxyflavone) and kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone) at contents of 11.8-25.8 and $6.0-64.4\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. In particular, the flower and root plant parts contained the highest amounts of quercetin and kaempferol compared to the other parts. We also assessed the recovery effects of each plant-part extract of AVP on gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) in WB-F344 cells by the scrape-loading and dye transfer (SL/DT) method. According to the results, GJIC was reduced by approximately 70.2% ($62.3{\pm}12.5$ cells) compared to the control ($209{\pm}9.5$ cells, 100%) when 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was treated alone in the WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells. However, the stem extract (0.2 mg/mL) restored GJIC to basal levels (92%, $204{\pm}2.3$ cells, p<0.01) and the flower extract (0.2 mg/mL) stimulated GJIC to 82.5% ($172.6{\pm}8.3$ cells, p<0.05), when applied together with the TPA.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 1981

Pyrrolidone-anilide derivatives from L-glutamic acid and anilines were synthesized as follows: The products were identified by elementary analysis, IR, NMR and Mass spectra with (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-anilide, (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-cabox-p-chloroanilide, (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-o-toluidide, (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-m-toluidide and (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-p-toluidide. The products were testes for their phytotoxicity on the germination and the seedling growth of radish and rice plants. Among them, (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-anilide and (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-p-chloroanilide derivatives were strongly inhibitory especially on the germination and the seedling growth of radish seeds. All the compounds also showed an inhibitory activity upon the germination of rice seeds. Additionally, the inhibiting rate of radish growth differs according to the isomeric position(ortho, meta and para) of the methyl group; (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-m-toluidide derivative was more effective than both (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-o-toluidide and (R)-2-pyrrolidone-5-carbox-p-toluidide derivatives.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.134-139
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• 2003

To establish the fertilization condition to increase the productivity of Chasanthemum boreale M. with high quality, the effects of three nutrients (N, P, K) on the yields and the effective components were investigated in the pot scale. NPK was applied by chemical fertilizers with $(N-P_2O_5,-K_2O=250-160-160\;kg/ha)$ as a main treatment, and NP $(N-P_2O_5,-K_2O=250-160-160\;kg/ha)$, NK $(N-K_2O =250-160\;kg/ha)$, and PK $(P_2O_5K_2O=160-160\;kg/ha)$ treatments were settled as comparison. Dry yields of C. boreale M. was increased significantly to 4 fold higher by nitrogen. Nitrogen increased apparently plant growth and inorganic nutrient uptake. In the flower, which is most useful and edible part as a herbal medicine, main amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acids, and the total content was increased significantly by three elements of application. In addition, the content of cumambrin A, which is known to have the effect of blood-pressure reduction, was increased source to 6.2 times by nitrogen higher than that in PK treatment. Potassium was more effective in biosynthesis of cumambrin A than phosphorus, but the biological pathway was not clear, still.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.233-240
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• 2019

The present research work reports in-vitro anti-cancer activity of biologically synthesized ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) against human carcinoma cells viz SCC-40, SK-MEL-2 and SCC-29B using Sulforhodamine-B (SRB) Assay. ZnO NPs were synthesized by a unique and novel biological route using Temperature-gradient phenomenon where the extract of combination of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don (C. roseus), Azadirachta indica (A. indica), Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa) and NaOH solution were used as synthesis medium. The morphology of the ZnO NPs was characterized by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). TEM images reveal that particle size of the samples reduces from 76 nm to 53 nm with the increase in reaction temperature and 68 nm to 38 nm with the increase in molar concentration of NaOH respectively. XRD study confirms the presence of elements and reduction in crystallite size with increase in reaction temperature and NaOH concentration. The diffraction peaks show broadening and a slight shift towards lower Bragg angle ($2{\theta}$) which represents the reduction in crystallite size as well as presence of uniform strain. The FTIR spectra of the extract show transmittance peak fingerprint of Zn-O bond and presence of bioactive molecules These NPs exhibit inhibition greater than 50% for SCC-40, SK-MEL-2 and SCC-29B cell lines and more than 50% cell kill for SCC-29B cells at concentrations < $80{\mu}g/ml$. Nanoparticles with smallest size have shown better anti-cancer activity and peculiar cell-selectivity. The combination of extracts of these plants with ZnO NPs can be used in targeted drug delivery as an effective anti-cancer agent, a potential application in cancer treatment.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 1996

As a part of studies on the development of a Gugisuen(Lycium chinense M.), which is one of the unutilization of waste resources, we investigated the composition of fatty acid and amino acid according as picking period and varieties of Gugisuen. The chemical components of Gugisuen were as follows : 1. Proximate composition of Gugisuen were Cheongyang native had the highest contents of crude lipid, crude protein, total sugar, and the contents of crude protein, total sugar, and reducing sugar was the highest picked on June 20. 2. The contents of $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$, CaO, MgO, Cu, and Mn were higher in Cheongyang native than that of other varieties. And mineral contents of Gugisuen picked on May 10 were the highest. 3. The major fatty acids were linoleic, linolenic acids, and these unsaturated fatty acids composed about 50% of total fatty acids. Fatty acid compositions between each varieties were not significant, and those components were the highest in Gugisuen picked on May 10. 4. Eighteen amino acids were identified from Gugisuen, glutamic acid, the highest content was $10.05\sim10.94%$ and these contents increased in the order to aspartic acid > glycine > alanine > leucine > lysine. The contents of serine, arginine, methionine, cystine-2 and isoleucine were higher in late harvest time and glutamic acid and tryptophane were higher in early harvest time.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2012

Pepper seedlings of 6-leaf stage were inoculated with cell suspension of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria 1523 7 days after the application of Bion-M by soil-drenching. Disease severity in the treatment with 20 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl, with which Bion-M was composed, was 19%, whereas that of the untreated control was 75%. The resulting control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl was calaulated as much as 74.7%. The control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl was dependent with the applied concentrations and ranged 29.3% to 49.3% at 4.0 and 0.8 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl, respectively. Phytotoxicity was observed at 20.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, as lower leaves became to be yellowed and defoliated. The cell density of inoculum suspension of X. euvesicatoria 1523 affected the control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl. With optical density (O.D.) of 0.5 the control value of 4.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl was 86.0%. However, the control value improved as high as 97.8% at the O.D. value of 0.1. The control value was 75.0% in adult plant of pepper, when acibenzolar-S-methyl was treated by soil-drenching 7 days before inoculation with cell suspension of X. euvesicatoria 1523. The control effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl on pepper bacterial spot was obtained in pepper field, showing that the control value at 10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ was 71.2%.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2012

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of brushing treatment during cultivation on the postharvest quality of the baby leaf vegetable, specifically tah tasai Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris var. narinosa). The effect of mechanical brushing during cultivation on the postharvest quality was determined in terms of the quality changes in weight loss, gas partial pressure, leaf color, and appearance during storage using a 30-${\mu}m$-thick polypropylene film at $16^{\circ}C$. The brushing treatment included brushing with A4 paper back and forth 50 times a day. The study revealed that the growths on the brushing-treated plant group were less than those on the control group. The structure of the leaf tissue of the brushing-treated plant also tended to be less compact than that of the non-treated plant. The brushing treatment resulted in less growth and denser plant tissues as well as in differences in the gas $O_2$ consumption and $CO_2$ accumulation after packaging. For the gas partial pressure, the $O_2$ consumption and $CO_2$ accumulation of the brushing-treated plant tended to be less than those of the non-treated plant. There were no differences, however, between the brushing-treated plant and control groups in the SPAD value and appearance. The study results also suggested that after packaging, the effects of the brushing treatment during cultivation on the quality of the tah tasai Chinese cabbage baby leaf vegetable was not significant. As such, it is recommended that effective post-harvest methods of improving the product quality of the baby leaf vegetable be further investigated.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1972

Experiments were carried out to control white-tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi Christie, during the period just before transplanting. The experimental results were summarized as fellows: 1: From a 12-hr to a 24-hr sled-soaking application into 500 times dilutions of Malathion $80\%$ Ec, Sumithion $50\%$ EC and Lebaycid $50\%$ EC were highly effective than other emulsifierble concentrations of chemicals. 2) The water surface application of PSP-204 $5\%$ G, Diazinon $3\%$ G, Nemagon $20\%$ G and Terracurr-P $5\%$ G were effective. 3: Root·dipping application of Sumithion $50\%$ Ec, Lebaycid $50\%$ Ec and Nemagon $80\%$ Ec were more effective chemicals than others.