• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.25
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• pp.83-150
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• 1993

Traditionally, the emphasis of the information services had been placed on the information provider's knowledge of information sources or information systems. However, in view of the increasing complexity of the information environment. and changes taking place in information professions the evaluation of the information services has callded for further research in interpersonal communication aspects of the librarian user interface especially that which links to user satisfaction. This experimental study was carried out for the purpose of exploring the implications of nonverbal behaviors in measuring user satisfaction in the light of the fact that the meaning of nonverbal clues includes more than verbal communication especially in dealing with variable barriers even though they operate at low levels of awareness. In this sense, among the wide range of nonverbal communication areas in particular kinesics, artifacts and the proximics were examined to suggest alternative model which can be applied effectively in our specific set of information work environment. Two major university libraries and two research libraries in Korea were chosen and visited for the anlysis and per each refernce/information interview the librarian's nonverbal behaviors were checked on the observer's checklist and the qustionnaires completed by the user at a time. On the basis of these data firstly, the relation of user satisfaction concerned with the librarian's nonverbal communication to user satisfaction with information services was analyzed and the possible communication barriers were investigated. In addition, the effect of training the information librarian with positive nonverbal communication skills on the user's satisfaction was analyzed in a SAS computer program in the area of kinesics. On the other hand, the effect of other nonverbal behaviors such as proximics and artifacts known very important clues to improving a complex human interaction was discussed along with their experimental results. In conclusion, it was found that most of users were not sensitive to the importance of nonverbal behaviors exposed by the information librarian, but it was proved that the ultimate user satisfaction and the satisfaction of the librarian's nonverbal behaviors are correlated positively, Moreover, nonverbal behaviors displayed by the trained librarian toward the user had a considerable effect on the user's evalution of information services compared with those by the untrained. These findings imply that in order to control the librarian's nonverbal behaviors and to help the user overcome his barriers the information librarian as a specialist needs to assure and modify willilingly his communication behavior. Without making effective use of such nonverbal communication, information librarian could not expect to meet the user's information needs either. However, when these positive nonverbal behaviors are applied it would be highly desirable to be aware of cultural and contextual differences. With regard to increasing information services success the applicable nonverbal communication model for library management and education can be suggested as below.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.1129-1134
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• 2003

Changran jeotkal, a Korean traditional fermented seafood, was prepared as a pilot scale using a commercial method and irradiated at 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 kGy by gamma ray to investigate possibilities for further industrial application. To see the effectiveness and rapid industrialization, hot pepper powder was irradiated at 10 kGy and manufactured the changran jeotkal (HP-10 kGy) as same method since the hot pepper powder was approved legally for gamma irradiation in Korea. The content of volatile basic nitrogen and amino nitrogen was significantly reduced by gamma irradiation in all storage periods. Amino nitrogen contents of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10 kGy and HP-10 kGy were 98.9, 98.5, 92.4, 88.0 and 93.1mg%, respectively after 12 week of storage at $10^{\circ}C$. In total, 8 kinds of biogenic amines were found from the samples, and the contents in the gamma irradiated changran Jeotkal were lower than those of the control during storage. The sample of HP-10 kGy showed similar physicochemical characteristics to the sample irradiated as $2.5{\sim}5.0\;kGy$. Results indicated that gamma irradiation of fermented seafood products such as seasoned changran jeotkal improved quality stability, thus, we recommend gamma irradiation for industrial application.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.704-716
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• 2012

This paper provides a detailed account of pilot testing conducted at South Lake Tahoe (California), the Ddukdo (Seoul) water treatment plant (WTP) and the Bokjung (Seongnam) WTP between February, 2010, and February, 2012. The objectives were first, to characterize the reactions of ozone with hydrogen peroxide (Peroxone) for Han River water following sand filtration, second to determine empirical ozone and hydrogen peroxide doses to remove a taste-and-odor surrogate 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) using an advanced oxidation process (AOP) configuration and third, to determine the optimum dosing configuration to reduce residual ozone to a safe level at the exit of the process. The testing was performed in a real-time plant environment at both low- and high seasonal water temperatures. Experimental results including ozone decomposition rates were dependent on temperature and pH, consistent with data reported by other researchers. MIB in post-sand-filtration water was spiked to 40-50 ng/L, and in all cases, it was reduced to below the specified target level (7 ng/liter) and typically non-detect (ND). It was demonstrated that Peroxone could achieve both MIB removal and low effluent ozone residual at ozone+hydrogen peroxide doses less than those for ozone alone. An empirical predictive model, suitable for use by design engineers and operating personnel and for incorporation in plant control systems was developed. Due to a significant reduction in the ozone reaction/decomposition at low winter temperatures, results demonstrate the hydrogen peroxide can be "pre-conditioned" in order to increase initial reaction rates and achieve lower ozone residuals. Results also indicate the method, location and composition of hydrogen peroxide injection is critical to successful implementation of Peroxone without using excessive chemicals or degrading performance.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.10
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• pp.1273-1279
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• 2013

Aromatic hydrocarbons, such as phenol, have been detected frequently in wastewater, soil, and groundwater because of the extensive use of oil products. Bacterial strains (56 isolates) that degraded phenol were isolated from soil and industrial wastewater contaminated with hydrocarbons. GN13, which showed the best cell growth and phenol degradation, was selected for further analysis. The GN13 isolate was identified as Neisseria sp. based on the results of morphological, physiological, and biochemical taxonomic analyses and designated as Neisseria sp. GN13. The optimum temperature and pH for phenol removal of Neisseria sp. GN13 was $32^{\circ}C$ and 7.0, respectively. The highest cell growth occurred after cultivation for 30 hours in a jar fermentor using optimized medium containing 1,000 mg/l of phenol as the sole carbon source. Phenol was not detected after 27 hours of cultivation. Based on the analysis of catechol dioxygenase, it seemed that catechol was degraded through the meta- and ortho-cleavage pathway. Analysis of the biodegradation of phenol by Neisseria sp. GN13 in artificial wastewater containing phenol showed that the removal rate of phenol was 97% during incubation of 30 hours. The removal rate of total organic carbon (TOC) by Neisseria sp. GN13 and activated sludge was 83% and 78%, respectively. The COD removal rate by Neisseria sp. GN13 from petrochemical wastewater was about 1.3 times higher than that of a control containing only activated sludge.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.141-155
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• 2017

In the present paper, we investigated the development status of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) production using steel slag, which is one of mineral carbonation (MC) technologies, from the standpoint of $CO_2$ utilization. Principle, feature, and global and domestic development status of the mineral carbonation technology were discussed together with the overview of the production method and market of PCC. Mineral carbonation is known as stable and environmentally-friendly technology enabling economical treatment of industrials wastes. Typically, PCC is produced by the reaction of $CO_2$ with supernatant solution after Ca extraction from steel slag followed by the separation of solid and liquid. The development status of MC using steel slag is at the pilot stage (Slag2PCC at Aalto University), and there remains the process economics improvement for commercialization. Key technologies for the further development are efficient extraction of Ca ions from steel slag including impurities removal, valorization of PCC via shape and size control, usage development and value-addition of residual slag, and optimization of reaction conditions for continuous process setup, etc.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.297-304
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• 2015

Recently, the demand for a PRT(Personal Rapid Transit) system based on autonomous navigation is increasing. Accordingly, the applicability investigations of the PRT system on rail tracks or roadways have been widely studied. In the case of unmanned vehicle operations without physical guideways on roadways, to monitor the position of the vehicle in real time is very important for stable, robust and reliable guidance of an autonomous vehicle. The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been commercially used for vehicle positioning. However, it cannot be applied in environments as tunnels or interiors of buildings. The PRT navigation system based on magnetic markers reference sensing that can overcome these environmental restrictions and the vehicle dynamics model for its H/W configuration are presented in this study. In addition, the design of a control S/W dedicated for unmanned operation of a PRT vehicle and its prototype implementation for experimental validation on a pilot network were successfully achieved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2004

Recently, in a field of cadastre, a computerization of cadastral map is in progress with great growth of GSIS field. Also, the needs fer the integration of land and building information are widely increasing for integral-management and its application of various land related information. Through a revision of cadastral laws to replace the existing 2D-Cadastre with the 3D-Cadastre, a legal basis to register the position of buildings and facilities is prepared in the governmental or civil fields. This paper presented 3D-Cadastre theory that has been studied on Europe and surveyed building position directly with Totalstation at cadastral control point after choosing pilot test area, Also, the most efficient surveying method of registering building in a cadastral map is presented with comparing and analyzing building position after surveying digital orthophoto and digital map. And it is constructed a 3D information cadastral map model that can make the integral management of land, building, connecting land recorders, building management ledgers, building titles, building pictures, and related attribute information.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.323-328
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• 2016

Pressurized membrane used for side-stream MBR process requires fouling control strategy both for normal and abnormal operation conditions for stable operation of the facilities. In this study, $85m^3/day$ of pilot-scale side-stream MBR process was constructed for the evaluation of fouling mitigation by air bubble injection into the membrane module. In addition, fouling phenomena at abnormal operation conditions of low influent and/or loading rate were also investigated. Injection of air bubble was found to be effective in delaying transmembrane pressure (TMP) increase mainly due to scouring effect on the membrane surface, resulting in expanded filtration cycle at a high flux of $40L/m^2{\cdot}h$ (LMH). At abnormal operation condition, injection of PACl (53 mg/L as Al) into the bioreactor showed 19% reduction of TMP increase. However, inhibition of nitrifying bacteria by continuous PACl injection was observed from batch experiments. In contrast, injection of powdered activated carbon (PAC, 0.6 g/L) was able to maintain the initial TMP of $0.2kg/cm^2$ for 5 days at the abnormal conditions. It may have been caused from the adsorption of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which was known to be excessively released during growth inhibition condition and act as the major foulants in MBR operations.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the general effects of low-frequency electrical stimulation of the ankle joint acupuncture points(BL62 and KI6) on the brain waves of elderly women as a pilot study to figure out the possibility of candidate non-invasive and non-chemical stimulation method for the enhancing the brain function. Methods : A randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial was performed in 31 healthy women(mean age, 54.5 years) within a treatment duration of 12 sessions. In the experimental group, low-frequency electrical stimulation was applied using the maximum range of the individual insensible strength(mean current, $0.04{\mu}A$). The control group received sham stimulation. The background electroencephalographic activity was measured before and after the12 sessions. Results : After 12 sessions of stimulation, the relative power of the alpha wave increased(32 of 32 channels: significant difference in 11 channels, p<0.05); the theta(30 of 32 channels: significant difference in 10 channels, p<0.05), beta(31 of 32 channels), and gamma(30 of 32 channels: significant difference in 7 channels, p<0.05) powers were also decreased compared with the sham group. Conclusions : Electrical stimulation on the ankle joint acupuncture points(BL62 and KI6) seemed to stabilize the elderly women brain by inducing the alpha power and reducing beta, theta, and gamma powers. These results provide insight into the action mechanism of the stimulation and can assist the future developement of a non-invasive and non-chemical treatment technique for stressor related cognitive problems.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.88-96
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• 2013

Objectives : In the acupuncture treatment of Korean Medicine, the Tonifying or Purging depending on how many times the needle is rotated has been used widely. However, there is little evidence about the optimal number of rotation. This study, therefore, was aimed to investigate the optimal number of rotation. Methods : Heart rate variation was measured before and after exercise in 20 healthy adults. Acupuncture was performed at PC6 immediately after exercise according to the protocol of each group without remaining. Pre-exercise and post-exercise measurements were compared and the rotation number that produced statistically significant difference was investigated. Results : Significant differences were found in the heart rate variation and R-R interval Average, between non-rotation group (control) and both of 15 times rotation group of tonifying and 6 times rotation group of purging. Conclusions : Significantly effective number of rotation in the effect of PC6 on the HR and RRAv was 15 times in the tonifying and 6 in the purging respectively.