• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.712-723
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• 2016

This paper is to suggest the methods about the environmental risk assessment (ERA) based on non-target insect species for LM rice crop produced by biotechnology. We used some data by the picture dictionary of agricultural pests in Korea, some books for ERA or rice pest ecology, articles about rice ecology, and internet sites and many specialists gave us good advice for this ERA system. We found about 140 insect species using rice crop as their habitat and we discriminated herbivores into Sap feeder, Grain feeder, Defoliator, and Pollen feeder according to their food functional group. We also clarified the potential damage possibility of insect species from LM rice crop. Then, we ranked 10 non-target insect species (Baliothrips biformis, Laodelphax striatellus, Nilaparvata lugens, Mythimna separata, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cletus schmidti Kiritshenko, Scotinophara lurida, Nilaparvata bakeri, Oxya chinensis, Agromyza oryzae) with giving some scores using Geographic distribution, Habitat specialization, Prevalence on crop, Abundance. We showed some environmental risk hypotheses about herbivore, predator, and parasitoid, and infered the impacts of non-target species on LM rice crop. Conclusively, we want to serve this methodology to build the biosafety system from biotechnology crops, and the methodology is to keep public health, sustain the biodiversity, and conserve the natural ecosystems.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.3 s.144
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• pp.275-282
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• 2006

Insect pests attacking the leaf of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) were surveyed in environmentally frendly leaf-lettuce-greenhouses in Hwaseong, Namyangju, and Suwon from 2003 to 2004. Sixteen insect species of eleven families in eight orders were collected in greenhouses. Among them, Acyrthosiphon solani, Frankliniella occidentalis, and Autographa nigrisigna were the most serious pest species because of their damage ratio was over 30%. Population of Acyrthosiphon solani showed the highest peak one or two times between mid-April and early June in both the second and the third cropping period. Frankliniella occidentalis reached the highest peak one or two times, the first peak between mid-June and the late July, and the second peak between the mid-August and the mid-October.Autographa nigrisigna reached the highest peak one or times between early June and late July and in the mid-August to late October. The highest peak occurrence of A. solami was observed in early June as many as 4,836 nymphs and adults per 100 leaves. And for F. occidentalis it was in early July occurring 437 larvae and adults per 100 leaves, for A. nigrisigna in early October occurring 42 larvae per 100 leaves. The density of F. occidentalis and its damage as well was greater in soil culture than in hydroponic culture, but in case of both A. solani and A. nigrisigna no such difference between cropping systems was found.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.228-233
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• 2007

Pear psylla, Caccopsylla pyricola (Homoptera: Psyllidae), is a serious insect pest in pear orchards. C. pyricola overwinters as adults under rough bark scales of pear trees. When the weather warms up in the spring, the overwintered adults become active, climb up to the tree branches, and inhabit on fruit twigs to lay eggs. This study was conducted to develop a forecasting model for the onset of upward-movement of overwintered C. pyricola adults to control them by timely spraying of petroleum oil. The adult population densities were observed under rough barks (B) and on fruit twigs (T) of pear trees. Relative upward-movement rates (R) were calculated as T/(B+T). Low threshold temperatures for the activation of overwintered C. pyricola adults were selected arbitrarily from 5 to $9^{\circ}C$ at a $1^{\circ}C$ interval. Then, the days (D) when daily maximum air temperatures were above each low threshold temperature were counted from 1 February until to the dates with R $\geq$ 0.8. The same methods were applied for the prediction of the first observation of eggs. The variation of coefficients (CV) for the mean Des were lowest with the low threshold temperature of $6^{\circ}C$. At this selected threshold temperature, the upward movement of C. pyricola adults occurred with 12 D and they started laying eggs with 25 D. In the field validation, the model outputs with the $6^{\circ}C$ threshold temperature reasonably well explained the observed data in Suwon and Cheonan in 2002. Practical usages of the model were also discussed.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.368-375
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• 2015

Earthworm cast occurred in surface of turfgrass in golf courses which affect turfgrass maintenance and golf play. In this study several survey of seasonal fluctuation of earthworm cast in different golf courses (Anseong, Gapyeong, Gunpo and Yongin in Gyeonggi province, and Geumjeong in Busan) was done. A number of earthworm, soil temperature and moisture of detection site of earthworm cast in each golf course were also done. Cast occurred in different golf courses are found mostly from April to November on turf surface and the cast number varied in different month as well as in golf courses. In the same golf courses, a number of detected cast was difference from individual sites. A number of cast and earthworm was correlated. Also, in higher soil moisture showed the higher cast density in different golf courses. Soil temperature and moisture of detecting cast ranging from $2.1^{\circ}C$ to $33.1^{\circ}C$ and 4.9 to 44.1%, respectively. In case of cast, soil temperature level lies in between $10-15^{\circ}C$ where the highest soil moisture was 25%.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2005

Three Korean isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae KCTC 0981BP (ScK), S. glaseri Dongrae (SgD), and Heterorhabditis sp. KCTC 0991BP (HsK), were evaluated for the control of a turfgrass pest, Popillia quadriguttata. Three days after treatment, all nematodes showed high pathogenicity to adult P. quadriguttata with $97.5\%$ mortality by ScK, $90.8\%$ by HsK, and $80\%$ by SgD at the concentration of 900 infective juveniles per adult. Nematode attachment and infection rate to adult P. quadriguttata were various depending on nematode species and inoculation density. The rate of nematode attachment was $90.8\%$ in HsK, $90.6\%$ in SgD, and $35\%$ in ScK, resfectively at the concentration of 900 infective juveniles per adult. The infection rate that represents the rate of detected nematode from inside insect of body was $97.5\%$ in ScK, $ 80\%$ in both HsK and SgD at the 900 concentration of infected juveniles. The infection rate, however, was decreased to $27.5\%$ in ScK, $72.5\%$ in SgD, but no nematodes was detected in HsK at the concentration of 90 infective juveniles.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2004

Aphis gossypii Glover(Homoptera: Aphididae) is an serious pest on various crops. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of A. gossypii Glover on the growth of oriental melon and the plant recovery after removing A. gossypii. Visible damage symptom caused by A. gossypii feeding to oriental melon was leaf distortion and stunting. A. gossypii feeding for 20 days on oriental melon significantly reduced the growth of oriental melon with increasing A. gossypii density level. Plant growth was decreased by 63${\sim}$69%, 62${\sim}$88% and 49${\sim}$70% in plant height, leaf area and dry weight, respectively. During 10 day after aphids removal, the infested leaves remained stunt, however, new shoot and leaf recovered gradually. By 20 day, plant height, leaf area and dry weight substantially increased in 5 aphid per plant. Plant recovered rapidly with day and among aphid density level, 5 aphid per plant showed rapid recovery. When plant were infested with several density of aphid per plant, sugar contents of total leaves were not significantly different between aphid density level. Whereas, sugar contents of lear infested with aphid per leaf were decreased with increasing cumulative aphid-days.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.14-14
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• 2011

Groundwater in the Waikatoregion is a valuable resource for agriculture, water supply, forestry and industries. The 434,000 ha study area comprises the upper Waikato River catchment from the outflow of Lake Taupo (New Zealand's largest lake) through to Lake Karapiro (a man-made hydro lake with high recreational value) (Figure 1). Water quality in the area is naturally high. However, there are indications that this quality is deteriorating as a result of land use intensification and deforestation. Compounding this concern for decision makers is the lag time between land use changes and the realisation of effects on groundwater and surface water quality. It is expected that the effects of land use changes have not yet fully manifested, and additional intensification may take decadesto fully develop, further compounding the deterioration. Consequently, Environment Waikato (EW) have proposed a programme of work to develop a groundwater model to assist managing water quality and appropriate policy development within the catchment. One of the most important and critical decisions of any modelling exercise is the choice of the modelling platform to be used. It must not inhibit future decision making and scenario exploration and needs to allow as accurate representation of reality as feasible. With this in mind, EW requested that two modelling platforms, MODFLOW/MT3DMS and FEFLOW, be assessed for their ability to deliver the long-term modelling objectives for this project. The two platforms were compared alongside various selection criteria including complexity of model set-up and development, computational burden, ease and accuracy of representing surface water-groundwater interactions, precision in predictive scenarios and ease with which the model input and output files could be interrogated. This latter criteria is essential for the thorough assessment of predictive uncertainty with third-party software, such as PEST. This paper will focus on the attributes of each modelling platform and the comparison of the two approaches against the key criteria in the selection process. Primarily due to the ease of handling and developing input files and interrogating output files, MODFLOW/MT3DMS was selected as the preferred platform. Other advantages and disadvantages of the two modelling platforms were somewhat balanced. A preliminary regional groundwater numerical model of the study area was subsequently constructed. The model simulates steady state groundwater and surface water flows using MODFLOW and transient contaminant transport with MT3DMS, focussing on nitrate nitrogen (as a conservative solute). Geological information for this project was provided by GNS Science. Professional peer review was completed by Dr. Vince Bidwell (of Lincoln Environmental).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate at the micrometeorology change of the orchard according to the net installation. Two weather stations were installed at the inside of the anti-insect nets(2 mm, 4 mm), one was installed at the outside(control). They were observed the temperature, humidity, wind speed and solar radiation from April to September 2018. Daily mean temperature at the experimental group was higher than control group by $0.2^{\circ}C$. Daily mean humidity at the experimental group was higher than control group by 3.5 to 4.7%. Daily mean the solar radiation at the experimental group(2 mm) was lower than control group by 50%. The wind speed was decreased from 12% to 50% of the external wind speed at 4 mm, and from 25% to 59% at 2 mm.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.563-575
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• 2022

Maruca vitrata is one of important pests in leguminous crops, especially red bean. We investigated the effects of temperature on development of each life stage, adult longevity and fecundity of M. vitrata for understanding the biological characteristics of the insect species at eight constant temperatures of 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, and 34℃. Eggs hatched successfully at all temperature subjected and larvae successfully developed to the adult stage from 16℃ to 31℃. The developmental period of egg decreased up to 31℃ and after then increased. The developmental period of larva and pupa, and adult longevity of M. vitrata decreased with increasing temperature. Lower and higher threshold temperature (TL and TH) were calculated by the Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois (LRF) and Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) models. The lower developmental threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) from egg hatching to adult emergence of M. vitrata were estimated by linear regression as 12.8℃ and 280.8DD, respectively. TL and TH from egg hatching to adult emergence using SSI model were 14.2℃ and 31.9℃. Thermal windows, i.e., the range in temperature between the minimum and maximum rate of development, of M. vitrata was 17.7℃. In addition, we constructed the oviposition models of adult, using the investigated adult traits including survival, longevity, oviposition period and fecundity. Temperature-dependent development models and adult oviposition models will be helpful to understand the population dynamics of M vitrata and to establish the strategy of integrated pest management in legume crops.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.577-590
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• 2022

Ostrinia scapulalis is one of important pests in leguminous crops, especially red bean. In order to understand the biological characteristics of the insect, we investigated the effects of temperature on development of each life stage, adult longevity and fecundity of O. scapulalis at eleven constant temperatures of 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, and 36℃. Eggs and larvae successfully developed next life stage at most temperature subjected except 7, 10 and 13℃. The developmental period of egg, larva and pupa decreased as temperature increased. Lower and higher threshold temperature (TL and TH) were calculated by the Lobry-Rosso-Flandrois (LRF) and Sharpe-Schoolfield-Ikemoto (SSI) models. The lower developmental threshold (LDT) and thermal constant (K) from egg hatching to adult emergence of O. scapulalis were estimated by linear regression as 13.5℃ and 384.5DD, respectively. TL and TH from egg hatching to adult emergence using SSI model were 19.4℃ and 39.8℃. Thermal windows, i.e., the range in temperature between the minimum and maximum rate of development, of O. scapulalis was 20.4℃. Adults produced viable eggs at the temperature range between 16℃ and 34℃, and showed a maximum number, ca. 416 offsprings, at 25℃. Adult models including aging rate, age-specific survival rate, age-specific cumulative oviposition, and temperature-dependent fecundity were constructed, using the temperature-dependent adult traits. Temperature-dependent development models and adult oviposition models will be useful components to understand the population dynamics of O. scapulalis and will be expected using a basic data for establishing the strategy of integrated pest management in leguminous crops.