• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 1978

To evaluate clinically effect of Valium and Sodium pentobarbital as premedicating agent, both drugs and a placebo were compared in 45 patients (2 to 11 yrs). The results were as follows. 1. Both Sodium pentobarbital and Valium were superior to placebo for control of crying, cooperation and apprehension, but the statistically differences were not significant. 2. Both Valium and Sodium pentobarbital were superior to placebo for control of behavior in tense cooperative child; the differences were significant statistically. 3. The difference between Pentobarbital and Valium were-more pronounced at the initial level than at the subsequent readings, and Sodium pentobarbital was for superior at the initial level to the other drugs. 4. Paradoxical excitement occured in 2 cases on the Sodium pentobarbital group, and other apparent side effect did not occur, excluding mild drowsiness. 5. Neither Valium nor Sodium pentobarbital, as used in this study, resulted in consistantly better behavior in all patients.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.759-763
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• 2013

This experiment was performed to investigate whether 50% ethanol extracts of the combined-preparation of Longanae Arilus, Chrysanthemi Flos, Zizyphi Fructus and Ginseng Radix alba (CPE) has hypnotic effects and/or enhances pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. Locomotor activity was evaluated using a ambulometer of tilting-type. The sedative-hypnotic effects were evaluated by measuring the sleeping onset time and sleeping time in pentobarbital-treated mice 30 min. after oral administration of CPE and muscimol. The intracellular $Cl^-$ concentration of cerebellar granule cells was estimated using $Cl^-$ sensitive fluorescence probe N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium (MQAE). CPE (150 mg/kg) decreased the locomotor activity, but CPE itself did not induce sleep. However, CPE reduced sleeping onset and prolonged sleeping time induced by pentobarbital (42 mg/kg). In addition, CPE (2 ${\mu}g/ml$) and pentobarbital (2.5 ${\mu}M$) itself did not affect on the chloride influx in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells, but the combination of CPE and pentobarbital (2.5 ${\mu}M$) increased the chloride influx onto the cells. In conclusion, it is suggested that CPE might augment pentobarbital-induced sleep through the increase of chloride influx.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 1990

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia on the gastroduodenal transit time of barium sulfate and whether this condition can be antagonized by yohimbine, 4-aminopyridine and yohimbine+4-aminopyridine in dogs. Xylazine-pentobarbital anesthesia prolonged the gastroduodenal transit time to $121.50{\pm}21.25$ minutes compared with $5.25{\pm}0.90$ minutes of control. Yohimbine and yohimbine+4-aminopyridine reversed $121.50{\pm}21.25$ minutes of transit time of anesthetized dog to $25.25{\pm}6.83$ and $63.25{\pm}15.69$ minutes, respectively. 4-aminopyridine alone, $115.75{\pm}$18.35 minutes, was not effective in reversing the xylazine-pentobarbital-induced prolongation of gastroduodenal transit time. Yohimbine was the most effective for reversal of xylazine-pentobarbital-induced prolongation of gastroduodenal transit time in dogs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-3
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• 1975

The effects of halothane and pentobarbital sodium anaesthesia in implantation and maintenance of pregnancy were compared in the rabbit ovariectomized the day after insemination and given steroid replacement therapy. The result has shown that halothane anaesthesia did not favour the overall process of implantation or foetal development, compared with pentobarbital sodium.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.1_2 s.25
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• pp.13-19
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• 1979

Circadian susceptibility of sleeping induced by pentobarbital was observrd in male DDO mouse treated with phenobarbital and ginseng saponin. The pentobarbital elimination rate was also measured in the same animal. The mouse had been maintained for one week under 12 hours of artificial illumination extending from 06:00 to 18:00 hours alternating with 12 hours of darkness. During the period the animals were administered intraperitoneally with 100mg/kg of phenobarbital for three days or 10mg/kg and 100mg/kg of ginseng saponin for seven days. At 24 hours after last injection pentobarbital sleeping time and elimination rate were measured following intraperitoneal administration of 50mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium. In a control group treated with saline, the duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep varied with circadian rhythmicity, which had a trough at 02:00 hours of light phase and a crest at 14:00 hours of dark phase. And the elimination rate measured at 02:00 hours was faster than that at 14:00 hours. Pretreatment with phenobarbital markedly shortened the pentobarbital steeping time and abolished the circadian rhythmicity. Those were correlated with the increased pentobartital elimination by phenobarbital throughout light and dark phases examined. Ginseng saponin, given for seven days in a dose of 10mg/kg or 100mg/kg, did not affect the circadian rhythmicity of sleeping and the elimination rate. Sleeping time during light phase, however, was somewhat shortened in ginseng treated animals, which was not matched with the finding of unaltered elimination rate. It seemed that the central nervous system stimulating effect of ginseng saponin might be involved in the findings observed.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1962

The influence of pentobarbital sodium on the central nervous system has been studied extensively, but its effects on other systems have not received as much atention. In spite of the fact that vast amount of cardio-vascular research has been conducted on

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.14-19
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• 1962

Twenty-three dogs were used in a study to determine the effects of anesthetic does of Pentobarbital sodium on Leukocytes, erythrocytes, hematocrits and hemoglobin in dogs. The results showed that the leukocyte counts dereased significantly immedately afte

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.263-269
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• 2016

Rhynchophylline (RP) is a major tetracyclic oxindole alkaloid of Uncariae Ramulus et Uncus which has been used to treat hypertension, seizures, pain and anxiety in the oriental countries. A recent report revealed that RP attenuated ischemia-induced neuronal damage and kainite-induced convulsions in animals. This study was performed to investigate whether RP enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors and modulates sleep architecture in mice. Locomotor activity was significantly inhibited by RP at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg, similar to 2 mg/kg diazepam (a benzodiazepine agonist) in mice. RP shortened sleep latency and increased total sleep time in a dose-dependent manner when administrated with pentobarbital (42 mg/kg, i.p.). RP also increased the number of sleeping mice and total sleep time by concomitant administration with the sub-hypnotic dosage of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg, i.p.). On the other hand, RP (0.25 mg/kg, p.o.) itself significantly inhibited sleep-wake cycles, prolonged total sleep time, and rapid eye movement in rats. In addition, RP also increased chloride influx in the primary cultured hypothalamic neuronal cells. In addition, we found that glutamic acid decarboxylase ($GAD_{65/67}$) was activated by RP. In conclusion, RP augments pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors, and can be a candidate for treating insomnia.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.598-601
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• 2010

This experiment was performed to investigate whether the combined-preparation of water extracts of germinated brown rice (WGR), water extracts of cultured mountain ginseng (WCG) and 70% ethanol extracts of Longanae Arillus (ELA) has hypnotic effects and/or enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors through the GABAergic system. The combined-preparation of WGR and WCG reduced sleep latency and prolonged sleep time induced by pentobarbital. ELA also reduced sleep latency and prolonged sleep time induced by pentobarbital. However, WGR or WCG itself did not induce sleep. The combined-preparation of WGR, WCG and ELA strongly reduced sleep latency and prolonged sleep time via chloride influx into primary cultured cerebellar granule cells. In conclusion, the combined-preparation of WGR, WCG and ELA augments pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors through the modification of GABAergic system.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.67-75
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• 2012

Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (ZSS) have been widely used for the treatment of insomnia in Asia. This experiment was performed to investigate whether methanol extract of ZSS (MEZSS) has hypnotic effects through the ${\gamma}$-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic systems. MEZSS inhibited the locomotor activity. MEZSS enhanced pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors. However, MEZSS itself did not induce sleep at higher dose, similar to muscimol. On the other hand, both pentobarbital and MEZSS increased the non rapid eye move (NREM) sleep, especially reducing the -wave electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in REM sleep. MEZSS showed similar effects with muscimol on potentiating chloride influx induced by pentobarbital. MEZSS significantly increased GABAA receptors ${\gamma}$-subunit expression and slightly decreased ${\beta}$-subunit expression in hypothalamus and thalamus, showing that subunit-expression was similar to diazepam. In addition, MEZSS enhanced the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). In conclusion, it is suggested that MEZSS might augment pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors through the modification of GABAergic systems.