• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.461-466
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• 2024

Korean local governments operates the participatory budgeting system autonomously. This study is to classify these entities into clusters. Among the diverse machine learning methodologies(Neural Network, Rule Induction(CN2), KNN, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, SVM, Naïve Bayes), the Support Vector Machine technique emerged as the most efficacious in the analysis of 2022 Korean municipalities data. The first cluster C1 is characterized by minimal committee activity but a substantial allocation of participatory budgeting; another cluster C3 comprises cities that exhibit a passive stance. The majority of cities falls into the final cluster C2 which is noted for its proactive engagement in. Overall, most Korean local government operates the participatory busgeting system in good shape. Only a small number of cities is less active in this system. We anticipate that analyzing time-series data from the past decade in follow-up studies will further enhance the reliability of classifying local government types regarding participatory budgeting.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) system is non-contact identification technology. A basic RFID system consists of a reader, and a set of tags. RFID tags can be divided into active and passive tags. Active tags with power source allows their own operation execution and passive tags are small and low-cost. So passive tags are more suitable for distribution industry than active tags. A reader processes the information receiving from tags. RFID system achieves a fast identification of multiple tags using radio frequency. RFID systems has been applied into a variety of fields such as distribution, logistics, transportation, inventory management, access control, finance and etc. To encourage the introduction of RFID systems, several problems (price, size, power consumption, security) should be resolved. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to significantly alleviate the collision problem caused by simultaneous responses of multiple tags. In the RFID systems, in anti-collision schemes, there are three methods: probabilistic, deterministic, and hybrid. In this paper, we introduce ALOHA-based protocol as a probabilistic method, and Tree-based protocol as a deterministic one. In Aloha-based protocols, time is divided into multiple slots. Tags randomly select their own IDs and transmit it. But Aloha-based protocol cannot guarantee that all tags are identified because they are probabilistic methods. In contrast, Tree-based protocols guarantee that a reader identifies all tags within the transmission range of the reader. In Tree-based protocols, a reader sends a query, and tags respond it with their own IDs. When a reader sends a query and two or more tags respond, a collision occurs. Then the reader makes and sends a new query. Frequent collisions make the identification performance degrade. Therefore, to identify tags quickly, it is necessary to reduce collisions efficiently. Each RFID tag has an ID of 96bit EPC(Electronic Product Code). The tags in a company or manufacturer have similar tag IDs with the same prefix. Unnecessary collisions occur while identifying multiple tags using Query Tree protocol. It results in growth of query-responses and idle time, which the identification time significantly increases. To solve this problem, Collision Tree protocol and M-ary Query Tree protocol have been proposed. However, in Collision Tree protocol and Query Tree protocol, only one bit is identified during one query-response. And, when similar tag IDs exist, M-ary Query Tree Protocol generates unnecessary query-responses. In this paper, we propose Adaptive M-ary Query Tree protocol that improves the identification performance using m-bit recognition, collision information of tag IDs, and prediction technique. We compare our proposed scheme with other Tree-based protocols under the same conditions. We show that our proposed scheme outperforms others in terms of identification time and identification efficiency.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.243-250
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• 2010

Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of different screw tightening sequences and methods on detorque values in a well-fitting implant superstructure. Materials and methods: A fully edentulous mandibular master model and a metal framework directly connected to four parallel implants (Astra Tech) with a passive fit to each other were fabricated. Six stone casts were made with a splinted impression technique to represent a 'well-fitting' situation with the metal framework. Detorque values were measured twice after screw tightening using 20 Ncm. Detorque values and minimum detorque values for three screw tightening sequences (1-2-3-4, 2-4-3-1, and 2-3-1-4) and for two tightening methods (two-step and one-step) were analyzed using multi-way analysis of variance and two-way analysis of variance, respectively, at a .05 level of significance. Results: The mean detorque values for screw tightening sequences ranged from 12.8 Ncm (2-4-3-1) to 13.1 Ncm (2-3-1-4), and for screw tightening methods were 13.1 Ncm (two-step) and 11.8 Ncm (one-step). The mean of mimimum detorque values for screw tightening sequences were 11.1 Ncm (1-2-3-4) and 11.2 Ncm (2-4-3-1 and 2-3-1-4), and for screw tightening methods were 11.2 Ncm (two-step) and 9.9 Ncm (one-step). No statistically significant differences among three screw tightening sequences were found for detorque values and for mimimum detorque values. But, statistically significant differences between two screw tightening methods were found for two values. Two-step screw tightening method showed higher detorque value (P = .0003) and higher minimum detorque value (P = .0035) than one-step method. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, the screw tightening sequence was not a critical factor for the detorque values in a well-fitting implant superstructure by the splinted impression technique. But, two-step screw tightening method showed greater detorque values than one-step method.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2004

The structure of sensibility from motion was developed for the purpose of understanding relationship between sensibilities and physical factors to apply it to dynamic visual display. Seventy adjectives were collected by assessing adequacy to express sensibilities from motion and reporting sensibilities recalled from dynamic displays with achromatic color. Various motion displays with a moving single dot were rated according to the degree of sensibility corresponding to each adjective, on the basis of the Semantic Differential (SD) method. The results of assessment were analyzed by means of the factor analysis to reduce 70 words into 19 fundamental sensibilities from motion. The Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) technique constructed the sensibility space in motion, in which 19 sensibilities were scattered with two dimensions, active-passive and bright-dark Motion types systemically varied in kinematic factors were placed on the two-dimensional space of motion sensibility, in order to analyze important variables affecting sensibility from motion. Patterns of placement indicate that speed and both of cycle and amplitude in trajectories tend to partially determine sensibility. Although color and motion affected sensibility according to the in dimensions, it seemed that combination of motion and color made each have dominant effect individually in a certain sensibility dimension, motion to active-passive and color to bright-dark.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.175-184
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• 2011

With a development of implant restoration technique, there are increasing use of computer-guided system for edentulous patients. It was carried out simulated operation based on CT information about patient's bone quantity, quality and anatomical landmark. However, there are some difference between the programmed implant and post-operative implant about it's position. If the deviation was severe, it could happen a failure of 'passive fit' and not suited for path of implant restoration. The aim of this presentation is to evaluate about a degree of deviations between programmed implant and post-operative implant. Five patients treated by 'NobelGuide' system (Nobel Biocare AB, G$\ddot{o}$teborg, Sweden) in Department of Prosthodontics, Inha University were included in this study. The patients were performed CT radiograph taking and intra-oral impression taking at pre-operation. Based on CT images and study model, surgical stent was produced by NobelBiocareTM. To fabricated a pre-operative study model, after connected lab analog to surgical template, accomplished a pre-operative model using type 4 dental stone. At final impression, a post-operative study model was fabricated in the conventional procedures. Each study model was performed CT radiograph taking. Based on CT images, each implant was simulated in three dimensional position using $Procera^{(R)}$ software (Procera Software Clinical Design Premium, version 1.5; Nobel Biocare AB). In 3D simulated model, length and angulation between each implant of both pre- and post-operative implants were measured and recorded about linear and angular deviation between pre-and post-operative implants. A total of 24 implants were included in this study and 58 inter-implant sites between each implant were measured about linear and angular deviations. In the linear deviation a mean deviation of 0.41 mm (range 0~1.7 mm) was reported. In the angular deviation, a mean deviation was $1.99^{\circ}$ (range $0^{\circ}{\sim}6.7^{\circ}$). It appears that the both linear and angular mean deviation value were well acceptable to application of computer-guided implant system.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.27-38
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• 1999

The errors between track segments or at the cross-over points of shipborne gravity were successfully reduced by applying a cross-over error adjustment technique using satellite gravity. The integration of shipborne and satellite altimeter-implied free-air gravity anomalies after the cross-over error adjustment resulted in a high resolution gravity map which contains both short and long wavelength components. The successful adjustment of the cross-over errors in the shipborne gravity using the satellite gravity suggests that the shipborne gravity can be combined with the satellite anomalies characterized by a stable and long wavelength component. The resulting free-air anomaly map is evenly harmonized with both short and long wavelength anomalies. Thus the corrected anomaly map can be better used for the geological interpretation. Free-air anomalies with more than 140 mGal in total variations generally correspond to the seafloor topographic changes in their regional patterns. A series of gravity highs are aligned from the Korea Plateau to the Oki Island, which are interpreted to be caused by seamounts or volcanic topographies. The gravity minima along the western and southern shelf edge are associated not only with the local basement morphology and thick sediment fill at the continental margin, but also possibly with the crustal edge effect known for passive continental margins. Series of NE-trending linear anomalies are possibly caused by a swarm of volcanic intrusions followed the initial opening of the Ulleung Basin. The linear high anomalies in the Ulleung Plateau are terminated by the straightly NNW-trending anomalies with a sharp gradient in its western boundary which indicates a fault-line scarp. The opposite side adjoined with the fault-line scarp shows no correlation with the fault-line scarp in geometry indicating that the block might be horizontally slided from the north. A gravity high in contrast to the deepening in seafloor toward the northeastern central Ulleung Basin is probably responsible for the thin crust and shallow seated mantle. The gravity minima along the western and southern shelf edge are associated not only with the local basement morphology and thick sediment fill at the continental margin, but also possibly with the crustal edge effect known for passive continental margins. Series of NE-trending linear anomalies are possibly caused by a swarm of volcanic intrusions followed the initial opening of the Ulleung Basin. The linear high anomalies in the Ulleung Plateau are terminated by the straightly NNW-trending anomalies with a sharp gradient in its western boundary which indicates a fault-line scarp. The opposite side adjoined with the fault-line scarp shows no correlation with the fault-line scarp in geometry indicating that the block might be horizontally slided from the north. A gravity high in contrast to the deepening in seafloor toward the northeastern central Ulleung Basin is probably suggestive of a thin crust and shallow seated mantle.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.369-377
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• 1982

The technique of combined-measurement of reflectance and ellipsometric parameters was used for studying the anodic film formed on nickel surface in basic solutions. An ellipsometer was automated for transient measurements by way of modulating the plane-polarized light with the Faraday effect. Surface film was formed electrochemically by applying a potential step from the reduction potential range to the passivation range on a polished, high-purity, polycrystalline nickel specimen. From that instant, the changes in the reflectance(r) and the ellipsometric parameters(${\Delta},{\Psi}$) of the surface film were recorded by the automatic ellipsometer. Three exact simultaneous equations including these optical signals, ${\Delta},{\Psi}$ and r were solved numerically with a computer in order to determine the optical properties, n, k, and the thickness, ${\tau}$, of the surface film. From the computed results which showed dependence on pH and time, it was found that passivation of nickel can be effectively attained by surface film thinner than $15{\AA}$ and this passivation film has a small optical absorption coefficient. It seemed that a high pH environment enhances the rate of passivation and is favorable for a denser structure of the surface film. The experimental evidence is in accordance with the hypothesis that the composition of the passive film can be approximated by $Ni(OH)_2$ in the early stage of passivation and that as time passes the composition changes partially toward that of NiO through dehydration.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.6_1
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• pp.947-960
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• 2017

Soil moisture plays an important role to affect the Earth's radiative energy balance and water cycle. In general, satellite observations are useful for estimating the soil moisture content. Passive microwave satellites have an advantage of direct sensitivity on surface soil moisture. However, their coarse spatial resolutions (10-36 km) are not suitable for regional-scale hydrological applications. Meanwhile, in-situ ground observations of point-based soil moisture content have the disadvantage of spatially discontinuous information. This paper presents an experimental soil moisture retrieval using Sentinel-1 SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) with 10m spatial resolution for cropland in South Korea. We developed a soil moisture retrieval algorithm based on the technique of linear regression and SVR (support vector regression) using the ground observations at five in-situ sites and Sentinel-1 SAR data from April to October in 2015-2017 period. Our results showed the polarization dependency on the different soil sensitivities at backscattered signals, but no polarization dependence on the accuracies. No particular seasonal characteristics of the soil moisture retrieval imply that soil moisture is generally more affected by hydro-meteorology and land surface characteristics than by phenological factors. At the narrower range of incidence angles, the relationship between the backscattered signal and soil moisture content was more distinct because the decreasing surface interference increased the retrieval accuracies under the condition of evenly distributed soil moisture (during the raining period or on the paddy field). We had an overall error estimate of RMSE (root mean square error) of approximately 6.5%. Our soil moisture retrieval algorithm will be improved if the effects of surface roughness, geomorphology, and soil properties would be considered in the future works.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.246-246
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• 1996

The glucuronide conjugates of morphine have been claimed to exert significant neuropharmacological effects. Morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) may be a potent opioid agonist in vivo, and morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) may act as a weak opioid antagonist. The present study addressed the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for these metabolites compared to morphine. Tracers were prepared by enzymatic glucuronidation of U-methyl-$^3$H]-morphine. Brain uptake in rats was measured by the internal carotid artery perfusion technique and after i.v. bolus injections. In the perfusion experiments morphine showed a permeability-surface area product (PS) of 3.52${\pm}$0.61 ${\mu}$L min$\^$-1/ g$\^$-1/ Uptake seems to be mediated by passive diffusion and was not saturable by 100 ${\mu}$M morphine in the perfusate. The BBB permeability of [$^3$H]-M3G and [$^3$H]-M6G was too low to be quantified after 5 min of perfusion. Brain uptake of [$^3$H]-M3G and [$^3$H]-M6G 60 min after i.v. bolus injection reached 0.0060${\pm}$0.0003 and 0.0030${\pm}$0.0005% injected dose per g, respectively. From these brain concentrations and from the corresponding plasma concentration - time curves, BBB PS values of 0.14${\pm}$ 0.02 ${\mu}$L min$\^$-1/g$\^$-1/ and 0.11 ${\pm}$ 0.01 ${\mu}$L min$\^$-1/g$\^$-1/, respectively, were calculated. The ratio of BBB PS values is complementary to the analgesic potencies of morphine and M6G after different routes of administration. The low PS of MSG explains, why it is approximate]y equipotent to morphine after systemic injection, although it is about 2 orders of magnitude more potent than morphine after administration directly into the central nervous system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.369-379
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to compare the initial effect of nerve mobilization (NM), static stretching (SS), and contract-relax (CR) techniques to find the best method in improving hamstring flexibility and gait function in patients with hemiplegia. Methods : Eleven patients with hemiplegia were included in this study. Passive knee extension (PKE) range of motion and the sit and reach (SR) test were used to measure hamstring flexibility, while timed up and go (TUG) and the 10m walking (10MW) test were used to measure the subject's gait. Measurements on each test were assessed prior to the experiment, immediately following the experiment, and 30 minutes after the experiment. Analysis of the results utilized a repeated measures analysis of variance to examine hamstring flexibility and the difference in walking ability. Results : The results suggest significant increases in NM, SS, and CR techniques as they relate to hamstring flexibility (p<.05) following (both immediate and 30 minutes post experiment) PKE range of motion and the SR test, but post-hoc showed no significant difference between the three techniques (p>.05). Additionally, the results suggest significant increases in NM, SS, and CR techniques as they relate to gait function (p<.05) following the TUG test, but found no significant difference in the 10MW test (p>.05). Post-hoc analysis between the three techniques suggests that only the NM technique significantly changed gait function. The time of TUG and 10MW test showed no significant difference between the three techniques before an experiment, just after an experiment, and 30 minutes following the experiment according to the measurement points in time (p>.05). Conclusion : This study suggests NM, SS, and CR techniques immediately improve hamstring length and flexibility while improving gait function in patients with hemiplegia.