• Smart Media Journal
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2014

The partial product matrix of a parallel squarer are symmetric about the diagonal. To reduce the number of partial product bits and the depth of partial product matrix, it can be typically folded, shifted and bit-rearranged. In this paper, an efficient design approach for the combined squarer, capable of operating on either unsigned or signed numbers based on a mode selection signal, is presented. By simulations, it is shown that the proposed combined squarers lead to up to 18% reduction in area, 11% reduction in propagation delay and 9% reduction in power consumption compared with the previous combined squarers.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.42-47
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• 2011

The partial product matrix (PPM) of a parallel squarer is symmetric. To reduce the depth of PPM, it can be folded, shifted and rearranged. In this paper, we present an area-efficient squarer design method using new partial product rearrangement. Also, a fixed-width squarer design method of the proposed squarer is presented. By simulations, it is shown that the proposed squarers lead to up to 17% reduction in area, 10% reduction in propagation delay and 10% reduction in power consumption compared with previous squarers. By using the proposed fixed-width squarers, the area, propagation delay and power consumption can be further reduced up to 30%, 16% and 28%, respectively.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2024

As the demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles is increasing, it is important to recover valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure on hydrogen reduction of NCM-based lithium-ion battery cathode materials were investigated. As the gas flow rate and hydrogen partial pressure increased, the weight loss rate increased significantly from the beginning of the reaction due to the reduction of NiO and CoO by hydrogen. At 700 ℃ and hydrogen partial pressure above 0.5 atm, Ni and Li₂O were produced by hydrogen reduction. From the reduction product and Li recovery rate, the hydrogen reduction of NCM-based cathode materials was significantly affected by hydrogen partial pressure. The Li compounds recovered from the solution after water leaching of the reduction products were LiOH, LiOH·H₂O, and Li₂CO₃, with about 0.02 wt% Al as an impurity.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.50-58
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• 2013

In this paper, parallel decimal fixed-point multiplier which uses the limited range of Singed-Digit number encoding and the reduction step is proposed. The partial products are generated without carry propagation delay by encoding a multiplicand and a multiplier to the limited range of SD number. With the limited range of SD number, the proposed multiplier can improve the partial product reduction step by increasing the number of possible operands for multi-operand SD addition. In order to estimate the proposed parallel decimal multiplier, synthesis is implemented using Design Compiler with SMIC 180nm CMOS technology library. Synthesis results show that the delay of proposed parallel decimal multiplier is reduced by 4.3% and the area by 5.3%, compared to the existing SD parallel decimal multiplier. Despite of the slightly increased delay and area of partial product generation step, the total delay and area are reduced since the partial product reduction step takes the most proportion.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.671-678
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• 2022

Approximate computing is an computational technique that is acceptable degree of inaccurate results of accurate results. Approximate multiplication is one of the approximate computing methods for high-performance and low-power computing. In this paper, we propose a high-density, low-power, and high-speed approximate multiplier using approximate 4-2 compressor and improved full adder. The approximate multiplier with approximate 4-2 compressor consists of three regions of the exact, approximate and constant correction regions, and we compared them by adjusting the size of region by applying an efficient partial product reduction. The proposed approximate multiplier was designed with Verilog HDL and was analyzed for area, power and delay time using Synopsys Design Compiler (DC) on a 25nm CMOS process. As a result of the experiment, the proposed multiplier reduced area by 10.47%, power by 26.11%, and delay time by 13% compared to the conventional approximate multiplier.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.949-952
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• 2005

We propose the hardwired distributed arithmetic which is applied to multiple constant multiplications and the fixed data path in the inner product of fixed coefficient as a result of variable radix-2 multi-bit coding. Variable radix-2 multi-bit coding is to reduce the partial product in constant multiplication and minimize the number of addition and shifts. At results, this procedure reduces the number of partial products that the required multiplication timing is shortened, whereas the area reduced relative to the DA architecture. Also, this architecture shows the best performance for DCT/IDCT and DWT architecture in the point of area reduction up to 20% from reducing the partial products up to 40% maximally.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.195-211
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among innovation activities, innovation performance, and management performance of export firms. I first undertake a review of previous studies related to innovation activity, innovation performance, and export firms' innovation. Based on this, I set up a research model and hypotheses. First, The innovation activity is classified into product innovation activity, process innovation activity, and administrative innovation activity. Innovation performance is divided into product quality improvement and cost reduction. And the business performance is regarded as financial performance of export's firms. This study examined whether innovation activity affect innovation performance such as product quality improvement and cost reduction. In addition, I examined whether these innovation performance affects business performance (financial performance). To achieve this, a total of 368 questionnaires are used in this study and PLS (Partial Least Square) was used to analyze structural equation. As a result, this study shows that product innovation activity have a positive effect on product quality improvement, and process innovation activity also have a positive effect on product quality improvement. However, it was found that neither product innovation activity nor process innovation activity had an effect on cost reduction. And it was found that administrative innovation did not affect product quality improvement, but had a positive effect on cost reduction. Also, it was found that quality improvement, which is an innovation performance, did not affect the financial performance of export's firms, and cost reduction, which is an innovation performance, had a positive effect on the financial performance of the export's firms.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1763-1775
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• 2019

Objective: The influence of konjac gel level on fermentation process and product qualities were assessed to evaluate the feasibility of using it as fat analog in Northeastern Thai fermented sausage (Sai Krok E-san). Methods: Five treatments of fermented sausages were formulated by replacing pork backfat with 0%, 7.5%, 22.5%, and 30% konjac gel. The changes in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and important physicochemical properties of samples were assessed during 3 days of fermentation. After the end of fermentation at day 3, water activity ($a_w$), instrumental texture, color, microbial counts, and sensory evaluation were compared. The best product formulation using konjac for replacing pork back fat were selected and used to compare proximate composition and energy value with control sample (30% pork backfat). Results: An increase in konjac gel resulted in higher values of LAB, total acidity, and proteolysis index with lower pH and lipid oxidation during 3 days of product fermentation (p<0.05). It was noted that larger weight loss and product shrinkage during fermentation was observed with higher levels of konjac gel (p<0.05). The resulting sausage at day 3 with 15% to 30% konjac gel exhibited higher hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, springiness, and chewiness than control (p<0.05). The external color of samples with 22.5% to 30% konjac gel were redder than others (p<0.05). Mold, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli in all finished products were lower than detectable levels. Product with 15% konjac gel had the highest scores of sourness linking and overall acceptability (p<0.05). Conclusion: The product with 15% of konjac gel was the optimum formulation for replacing pork backfat. It had higher sensorial scores of sourness and overall acceptability than control with less negative impact on external appearance (product shrinkage) and weight loss. Moreover, it provided 46% fat reduction and 32% energy reduction than control.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2008

In this paper, we propose a partial product addition method using variable groups in the design of operators such as multipliers and digital filters. By this method, full adders can be replaced with simple logic circuits. To show the efficiency of the proposed method, we applied the method to the design of squarers and precomputer blocks of FIR filters. In case of 7 bit and 8 bit squarers, it is shown that by the proposed method, area, power and delay time can be reduced up to {22.1%, 20.1%, 14%} and {24.7%, 24.4%, 6.7%}, respectively, compared with the conventional method. The proposed FIR precomputer circuit leads to up to {63.6%, 34.4%, 9.8%} reduction in area, power consumption and propagation delay compared with previous method.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.240-247
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• 2015

Sucuk is the most popular dry-fermented meat product. Sucuk has a relatively high fat. Poppy seed oil as animal fat replacer was used in Turkish sucuk and effects of its use on sucuk quality were investigated. There was a significant (p<0.5) treatment × ripening time interaction for moisture, pH (p<0.05) and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values (p<0.01). Increasing poppy seed oil level decreased (p<0.05) TBARS values. Addition of poppy seed oil to the sucuks had a significant effect (p<0.01) on hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and springiness values. Cholesterol content of sucuks decreased (p<0.05) with poppy seed oil addition. Using pre-emulsified poppy seed oil as partial fat replacer in Turkish sucuk decreased cholesterol and saturated fatty acid content, but increased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Poppy seed oil as partial animal fat replacer in Turkish sucuk may have significant health benefits.