• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.179-184
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• 2004

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ginseng saponins (panaxadiol, ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with gamma-ray. ICR mice were given each saponin (i.p. 50 mg/kg of body weight) at 24 hours before irradiation. The radioprotective effects of saponins were compared with the irradiation control respectively. The jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with ginsenoside Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.05). The spleen colony was increased by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05) and ginsenoside Rd (p<0.05). And the frequency of radiation induced apoptosis was significantly reduced by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05), ginsenoside Rb2 (p<0.05), Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.01). These results suggest that ginsenoside Rc, Rd might have a major radioprotective effect.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.340-344
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• 1987

Saponins of ginseng root, leaf and stem were identified by TLC. Eleven unknown spots were detected in ginseng leaf and ten unknown spots in ginseng stem on TLC besides seven ginsenosides such as $ginsenoside-Rg_1,\;-Rf,\;-Re,\;-Rd,\;-Rc,\;-Rb_2,\;and\;-Rb_1$ which are contained in ginseng root. $Ginsenoside-Rg_3\;and\;-Rg_2$ were identified on TLC from mild hydrolysates with 50% acetic acid of total saponins from ginseng root, leaf and stem. Meanwhile, panaxadiol, panaxatriol and oleanolic acid were identified from hydrolysates with 7% ethanolic sulfuric acid of total saponin of ginseng root, while panaxadiol and panaxatriol from those of total saponins of ginseng leaf and stem.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.40-46
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• 1998

We investigated the influence of the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on the secretion of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, which are used as a model of nervous systems. In two major parts extracted from the ginseng root, the crude saponin fraction, but not the non-saponin fraction, reduced the secretion from the cells, stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh). Ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) are classified into three groups, the panaxadiol, the panaxatriol and the oleanolic acid groups, on the basis of the chemical structures of their saponins. Both the panaxadiol and the panaxatriol saponins, excluding only one oleanolic acid saponin ginsenoside-Ro, generally reduced the ACh-evoked secretion. The inhibitory effects of the panaxatriol were much stronger than those of the panaxadiol. However, ginsenoside-Rg, and -Rh3 in the panaxadiol saponins were the potent inhibitors comparable to the panaxatriol saponins. Ginsenoside-Rg2 in the panaxatriol was the most effective. It is probable that the ginsenoside inhibition of the catecholamine secretion is due to the suppression of the function of the nicotinic ACh receptor-cation channels. On the other hand, ginsenoside-Rg2 did not affect the angiotensin II-, the bradykinin-, the histamine- and the neurotensin- induced catecholamine secretions from the chromaffin cells and the muscarine- and the histamine- induced contraction of the ileum in guinea-pigs. Ginsenoside-Rbl, a panaxadiol saponin, and ginsenoside-Ro had no or only a slight effect on them. On the contrary, ginsenoside-Rg3 not only competitively inhibited the muscarine-induced ileum contraction but also reduced the angiotensin R -, the bradykinin-, the histamine- and the neurotensin-induced catecholamine secretions. Thus, the ginseng root contains active ingredients, namely some ginsensides, which suppress the responses induced by receptor stimulation. The inhibitory effects of ginseng saponins may be one of the action mechanisms for the pharmacological effects of the Panax ginseng root.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2018

Background: Since the revised Ginseng Industrial Act was passed, ginseng sprouts have become a new medicinal vegetable for which there is high consumer demand. However, the existing amount of research and data on ginseng production has not kept pace with this changed reality. Methods and Results: In this study we analyzed the changes in the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of growing ginseng sprouts during the period from when organic seedlings were planted in nursery soil until 8 weeks of cultivation had elapsed, which was when the leaves hardened. In the leaves, ginsenoside content increased 1.62 times with the panaxadiol (PD) system and 1.31 - 1.56 times with the panaxatriol (PT) system from 7 to 56 days after transplantation. During the same period, the total ginsenoside content of the stems decreased by 0.66 - 0.91 times, and those of the roots increased until the $21^{st}$ day, and then underwent steep declines. The effect of fermented press cake extract (FPCE) and tap water (TP) on the total amount of ginsenoside per plant were similar, and could be represented with the equations $y=1.4330+0.2262x-0.0008x^2$ and $y=0.9555+0.2997x-0.0031x^2$ in which y = ginsenoside content x = amount of and on the total amounts of FPCE or TP, respectively after 26.4 days, however, the difference between ginsenoside content with FPCE and TP widened. Conclusions: These results suggested that the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of ginseng varied with the cultivation period and nutrient supply. These findings also provide fundamental data on the distribution of ginsenosides among plant parts for 2-year-old ginseng plants in the early-growth stage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.23 no.1 s.53
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• pp.44-49
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• 1999

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is a protective enzyme responsible for the dismutat ion of superoxide radicals within the cell by converting superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which is in turn changed to oxygen and water by catalase. Previously, we reported that the panaxadiol (PD) and its ginsenoside $Rb_2$ induced the expression of SOD1 gene through AP2 binding site and its induction. Here, we examined the effect of subfractions of panaxadiol ginsenosides, which were extracted from different parts of ginseng root that possess various ratios of panaxadiol to panaxatriol, on the induction of SOD1 gene expression. To explore this possibility, the upstream regulatory region of SOD1 was linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) structural gene and introduced into human hepatoma HepG2 cells. We observed that the transcriptional activation of SOD1 was proportional to the contents ratio of panaxadiol ginsensides. Consistent with this results, the total extract portion prepared from the finely-hairy root, which contains the higher ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol about 2.6, increased the SODl transcription about 3 fold. This results suggest that the panaxadiol fraction could induce the SOD1 and total extract of the ginseng finely-hairy root would be a useful material as a functional food for the SOD1 inducer.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.401-409
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• 1994

The cholinergic activity of dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng was examined both morphologically and chemically on primary cultures of chicken embryonic brain cells. When primary cultured chicken embryonic cells were treated with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of total dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng followed by the exposure to 10mM atropine for 48 hr, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 36% of untreated control values while atropine-treated controls fell to 0% lactate dehydrogenase. It was found that cholinergic activity was mainly exerted by the panaxadiol glycosides. The treatment of the cells with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of panaxadiol glycosides followed by the exposure to atropine, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 60% of untreated control values. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a component of panaxadiol glycosides, was found to exert the cholinergic activity keeping the lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells at 70% of untreated control values. The cholinergic activity of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ seems to be exerted through acting on the $Ca^{2+}$ channel in cultured brain cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1986

Influnces of Fuiarium solani and Phytophthora cactorum infection on the changes in saponin components of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)roots and some of the biology of those fungi in relation to ginseng root were investigated. Mycelial growth of F. solani was decreased as increasing concentration of the water extracts of fresh ginseng roots, while that of P. cactorum was increased as increasing the concentration of the water extracts and crude saponin. Mycelial growth of F. solani, however, was increased as increasing concentration of crude ginseng saponin upto 20 ppm, while it was tended to be decreased when the concentration was higher than 50 ppm. Nystatin also suppresed the growth of F. solani as increasing its concentration, but it did not affected on the growth of p. cactorum. Ginsenoside Ra and Ro components were not detected in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum. Panaxadiol gisenosides were increased by 3.0%, whereas panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 34.9% in ginseng roots inoculated with F. iolani. In ginseng roots inoculated with P. cactorum panaxadiol ginsenosides were increased by 21.1%, but panaxatriol ginsenosides were decreased by 23.5%. PD/PT ratio in ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were equally increased by 58.4% in spite of differences in the change of panaxadiol and panaxatriol ginsenosides. The total saponin components of ginseng roots inoculated with F. solani or P. cactorum were decreased by 17.8% and 2.5%, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.63-70
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• 1998

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase constitute the first coordinated unit of defense against reactive oxygen species. Here, we examined the effect of ginseng saponins on the induction of SOD and catalase gene expression. To explore this possibility, the upstream regulatory promoter region of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SODI) and catalase genes were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CATI structural gene and introduced into human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Total saponin and panaxatriol did not activate the transcription of SODI and catalase genes but panaxadiol increased the transcription of these genes about 2-3 fold. Among the Panaxadiol ginsenosides, the Rb2 subtraction appeared to is a major induce of SODI and catalase genes. Using the deletion analyses and mobility shift assays, we showed that the 5051 gene was greatly activated by ginsenoside Rba through transcription factor AP2 binding sites and its induction. We also examined the effect of the content ratio of panaxadiol extracted from various compartment of ginseng on the transcription of 5031 gene. Saponin extract that contains 2.6-fold more PD than PT from the fine root Increased the SODI induction about 3-fold. These results suggest that the panaxadiol fraction and its ginsenosides could induce the antioxidant enzymes, which are important for maintaining cell viability by lowering level of oxygen radical generated from intracellular metabolism.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 1979

The saponins isolated form the herb of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer were investigated as compared with ginseng root saponins. By adopting DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography the pure saponins were isolated from Korean ginseng roots and leaves. The ginseng root and leaf saponins showed some differences in the pattern of the two-dimensional thin layer chromatogram. The ratio of panaxadiol to panaxatriol in the saponins was 1.7 in the roots and 3.5 in the leaves. Infra-red spectrum of ginseng leaf saponins isolated by liquid chromatography was identical with that of root saponins.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 1989

From crude drug preparation(Soshiho-Tang) ginseng sapogenins were identified by TLC and $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ was determined quantitatively by HPLC. Panaxadiol, pandaxatriol, acid-hydrolysates of ginseng saponin, were identified by TLC with benzene/acetone(4 : 1, v/v). Rf values of which were measured as 0.26 and 0.14, respectively. The content of $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ was determined by HPLC on $Lichrosorb-NH_2$ column with $CH_3CN/H_2O/n-BuOH$(80 : 20 : 10, v/v). Its recovery rate in the extract granules, was as relatively low as $19.8{\pm}1.4%$ compared to the content in raw red ginseng.