• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.179-184
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• 2004

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of ginseng saponins (panaxadiol, ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd) on jejunal crypt survival, endogenous spleen colony formation and apoptosis in jejunal crypt cells of mice irradiated with gamma-ray. ICR mice were given each saponin (i.p. 50 mg/kg of body weight) at 24 hours before irradiation. The radioprotective effects of saponins were compared with the irradiation control respectively. The jejunal crypts were protected by pretreatment with ginsenoside Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.05). The spleen colony was increased by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05) and ginsenoside Rd (p<0.05). And the frequency of radiation induced apoptosis was significantly reduced by pretreatment with panaxadiol (p<0.05), ginsenoside Rb2 (p<0.05), Rc (p<0.05) and Rd (p<0.01). These results suggest that ginsenoside Rc, Rd might have a major radioprotective effect.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.340-344
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• 1987

인삼(人蔘)의 근(根) 및 지상부(地上部) 사포닌을 얇은 막 크로마토그래피로 동정(同定)한 결과(結果) 인삼근(人蔘根)에 함유된 사포닌 중 $ginsenoside-Re,\;-Rg_1,\;-Rc,\;-Rf,\;-Rb_2$ 및 $-Rb_1$ 은 각각 엽(葉)과 경(莖)에서도 동정(同定)되었으며 이외에도 엽(葉)에서 10개과 경(莖)에서 9개의 unknown spot를 동정(同定)할 수 있었다. 또한 부위별(部位別) 총(總)사포닌을 50% 초산으로 온화한 조건에서 산(酸) 가수분해(加水分解)하여 생성(生成)된 prosapogenin의 조사결과(調査結果), panaxadiol계 사포닌 및 ginsenoside-Re의 산(酸) 가수분해물(加水分解物)인 $ginsenoside-Rg_3$ 및 $ginsenoside-Rg_2$가 각각 동정(同定)되었다. 한편 근(根), 엽(葉) 및 경(莖)의 총사포닌을 황산 가수분해(加水分解)하여 sapogenin 조사결과, 근(根)에서는 panaxadiol, panax atriol 및 oleanolic acid가 검출되었고, 엽(葉)과 경(莖)에서는 panaxatriol 및 panaxadiol만이 동정(同定)되었다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.40-46
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• 1998

We investigated the influence of the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer on the secretion of catecholamines from bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, which are used as a model of nervous systems. In two major parts extracted from the ginseng root, the crude saponin fraction, but not the non-saponin fraction, reduced the secretion from the cells, stimulated by acetylcholine (ACh). Ginseng saponins (ginsenosides) are classified into three groups, the panaxadiol, the panaxatriol and the oleanolic acid groups, on the basis of the chemical structures of their saponins. Both the panaxadiol and the panaxatriol saponins, excluding only one oleanolic acid saponin ginsenoside-Ro, generally reduced the ACh-evoked secretion. The inhibitory effects of the panaxatriol were much stronger than those of the panaxadiol. However, ginsenoside-Rg, and -Rh3 in the panaxadiol saponins were the potent inhibitors comparable to the panaxatriol saponins. Ginsenoside-Rg2 in the panaxatriol was the most effective. It is probable that the ginsenoside inhibition of the catecholamine secretion is due to the suppression of the function of the nicotinic ACh receptor-cation channels. On the other hand, ginsenoside-Rg2 did not affect the angiotensin II-, the bradykinin-, the histamine- and the neurotensin- induced catecholamine secretions from the chromaffin cells and the muscarine- and the histamine- induced contraction of the ileum in guinea-pigs. Ginsenoside-Rbl, a panaxadiol saponin, and ginsenoside-Ro had no or only a slight effect on them. On the contrary, ginsenoside-Rg3 not only competitively inhibited the muscarine-induced ileum contraction but also reduced the angiotensin R -, the bradykinin-, the histamine- and the neurotensin-induced catecholamine secretions. Thus, the ginseng root contains active ingredients, namely some ginsensides, which suppress the responses induced by receptor stimulation. The inhibitory effects of ginseng saponins may be one of the action mechanisms for the pharmacological effects of the Panax ginseng root.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2018

Background: Since the revised Ginseng Industrial Act was passed, ginseng sprouts have become a new medicinal vegetable for which there is high consumer demand. However, the existing amount of research and data on ginseng production has not kept pace with this changed reality. Methods and Results: In this study we analyzed the changes in the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of growing ginseng sprouts during the period from when organic seedlings were planted in nursery soil until 8 weeks of cultivation had elapsed, which was when the leaves hardened. In the leaves, ginsenoside content increased 1.62 times with the panaxadiol (PD) system and 1.31 - 1.56 times with the panaxatriol (PT) system from 7 to 56 days after transplantation. During the same period, the total ginsenoside content of the stems decreased by 0.66 - 0.91 times, and those of the roots increased until the $21^{st}$ day, and then underwent steep declines. The effect of fermented press cake extract (FPCE) and tap water (TP) on the total amount of ginsenoside per plant were similar, and could be represented with the equations $y=1.4330+0.2262x-0.0008x^2$ and $y=0.9555+0.2997x-0.0031x^2$ in which y = ginsenoside content x = amount of and on the total amounts of FPCE or TP, respectively after 26.4 days, however, the difference between ginsenoside content with FPCE and TP widened. Conclusions: These results suggested that the amounts of ginsenosides in different parts of ginseng varied with the cultivation period and nutrient supply. These findings also provide fundamental data on the distribution of ginsenosides among plant parts for 2-year-old ginseng plants in the early-growth stage.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 1999

유해산소제거효소는 세포내에서 생성되는 유해산소를 산소와 과산화 수소로 바꿈으로서 유해산소의 농도를 낮은 수준으로 유지하여 세포를 유해산소의 독성으로부터 보호하는 기능을 담당하고 있다. 이전의 연구에서 파낙사다이올(PD)와 진세노사이드 $Rb_2$가 전사조절인자 AP2를 유도하여 유해산소 제거효소의 전사조절부위 내의 AP2결합부위를 통해 유해산소제거효소의 함량증대를 유도함을 보고한 바 있다. 이를 토대로 본 연구에서는 인삼의 각부위에서 추출된 조사포닌으로 panaxadiol(PD)와 panaxatriol(PT)의 성분함유비가 다른 시료를 이용하여 이들이 유해산소제거효소의 발현 유도성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 조사하기위해 유해산소제거효소의 전사조절부위를 클로람페니콜 아세틸트란스퍼라제의 구조유전자와 융합시킨 벡터를 인간의 간세포에 도입하여 활성도를 측정하였다. 그 결과, PD 성분의 함량비증가에 비례적으로 유해산소제거효소의전사가 증대 되었다. 또한 동일한 결과로서, PD 대 PT의 함량비가 약 2.6으로 PD의 함량이 가장높은 세세미 (finely-hairy root) 추출분획에서 유해산소제거 효소의 전사촉진이 대조군에 비해 3배이상 촉진됨을 관찰할수 있었다. 이상의 결과는 PD계의 분획이 유해산소제거효소의 유도성효과를 나타냄을 시사하고 있으며, 유해산소제거효소의 유도물질로서 PD분획과 세세미 추출물이 유용하게 이용될수있음을 제시하고 있다.

• 약학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.401-409
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• 1994

The cholinergic activity of dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng was examined both morphologically and chemically on primary cultures of chicken embryonic brain cells. When primary cultured chicken embryonic cells were treated with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of total dammarane glycosides of Panax ginseng followed by the exposure to 10mM atropine for 48 hr, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 36% of untreated control values while atropine-treated controls fell to 0% lactate dehydrogenase. It was found that cholinergic activity was mainly exerted by the panaxadiol glycosides. The treatment of the cells with $50\;{\mu}g/ml$ of panaxadiol glycosides followed by the exposure to atropine, lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells remained at 60% of untreated control values. Ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a component of panaxadiol glycosides, was found to exert the cholinergic activity keeping the lactate dehydrogenase levels within the cells at 70% of untreated control values. The cholinergic activity of ginsenoside $Rb_1$ seems to be exerted through acting on the $Ca^{2+}$ channel in cultured brain cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.66-75
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• 1986

Fuiarium solani 와 Phytophthora cactorum 이 인삼 사포닌 성분에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알기 위해서 각 첨가배지에서의 균사생육과 접종된 인삼분말의 사포닌 분석실험으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Fuiarium solani는 수삼의 물추출물 농도에 따라 생육이 억제되었으며 조사포닌 20ppm 첨가까지 생육이 촉진되었으나 50ppm이상에서는 불규칙적인 생육 억제효과가 있었다. 그리고 nystatin은 농도에 다라 생육을 억제하였다. Phytophthora cactorum은 수삼의 물추출액, 조사포닌의 농동에 따라서 생육은 촉진되었으며 nystatin은 생육에 영향을 미치지 않았다. F. solani 및 P. cactorum 으로 접종된 인삼분말은 ginsenoside Ra, Ro peak가 나타나지 않았으며 F. solani에 의해 PD 계 ginsenoside가 3.0% 증가되고 PT계 ginsenosides는 34.9% 감소되었다. P. cactorum의 경우는 PD 계 ginsenoside가 21.1% 증가, PT계 ginsenosides는 23.5% 감소하였다. 두 균주에 의해 PD, PT계 ginsenoside의 변화가 다르게 나타났지만 PD/PT비는 동일하게 58.4%씩 각각 높아졌다. 인삼의 총 사포닌 함량은 F. solani에 의해 17.8%, P. cactorum에 의해서 2.5%씩 각각 감소하였다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
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• pp.63-70
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• 1998

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase constitute the first coordinated unit of defense against reactive oxygen species. Here, we examined the effect of ginseng saponins on the induction of SOD and catalase gene expression. To explore this possibility, the upstream regulatory promoter region of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SODI) and catalase genes were linked to the chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CATI structural gene and introduced into human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Total saponin and panaxatriol did not activate the transcription of SODI and catalase genes but panaxadiol increased the transcription of these genes about 2-3 fold. Among the Panaxadiol ginsenosides, the Rb2 subtraction appeared to is a major induce of SODI and catalase genes. Using the deletion analyses and mobility shift assays, we showed that the 5051 gene was greatly activated by ginsenoside Rba through transcription factor AP2 binding sites and its induction. We also examined the effect of the content ratio of panaxadiol extracted from various compartment of ginseng on the transcription of 5031 gene. Saponin extract that contains 2.6-fold more PD than PT from the fine root Increased the SODI induction about 3-fold. These results suggest that the panaxadiol fraction and its ginsenosides could induce the antioxidant enzymes, which are important for maintaining cell viability by lowering level of oxygen radical generated from intracellular metabolism.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.10-17
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• 1979

인삼엽(人蔘葉)을 ether, benzene-butanol 혼합용매등으로 색소류(色素類)기타 지용성물질(脂溶性物質)등을 제거하고, methanol과 n-butanol로 연속추출하여 n-butanol soluble saponin을 얻고 계속해서 liquid chromotography 를 행하여 분획별(身劃別)로 인삼엽(人蔘葉) saponin을 분리 정제하였고, 그 화학적(化學的)및 분자구조학적(分子構造學的) 특성(特性)을 인삼근(人蔘根) saponin과 비교 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 인삼근(人蔘根)과 엽(葉) saponin의 2차원(차원) TLC pattern은 다소(多少) 차이(差異)차가 있으나, 다수(多數)의 spot들이 일치(一致)하였다. 인삼엽(人蔘葉)에는 ginsenoside Rd가 존재하지 않고, ginsenoside Rc는 엽(葉)에, ginsenoside $Re_1$ 및 $Rg_1$는 근부(根部)에 더 많이 분포(分布)되어 있었다. 2. 인삼엽(人蔘葉)에는 인삼근(人蔘根)에 비하여, panaxadiol 계(系) saponin이 panaxatriol 계(系) saponin보다 더높은 함량을 보였다. 3. n-butanol soluble saponin으로 liquid chromatography를 행하여 인삼근(人蔘根)에서는 Fr. 1.과 Fr. 2.를 얻었고, 인삼엽(人襲葉)에서는 Fr. 1, Fr. 2. 및 Fr. 3.의 분획(分劃)을 얻을 수 있었다. 인삼근(人蔘根)의 Fr. 1 및 엽(葉)의 Fr. 1.과 Fr. 2.등 3매의 분획(分劃)은 saponin test반응(反應)에 양성(陽性)을 보이고, 그 IR spectra는 동일(同一)한 것으로 나타났다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.175-179
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• 1989

From crude drug preparation(Soshiho-Tang) ginseng sapogenins were identified by TLC and $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ was determined quantitatively by HPLC. Panaxadiol, pandaxatriol, acid-hydrolysates of ginseng saponin, were identified by TLC with benzene/acetone(4 : 1, v/v). Rf values of which were measured as 0.26 and 0.14, respectively. The content of $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ was determined by HPLC on $Lichrosorb-NH_2$ column with $CH_3CN/H_2O/n-BuOH$(80 : 20 : 10, v/v). Its recovery rate in the extract granules, was as relatively low as $19.8{\pm}1.4%$ compared to the content in raw red ginseng.