• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.578-589
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• 2003

The fuzzy rat that expresses hypersecretion of sebum and hyperplastic sebaceous glands is a genetic mutant for the study of many pharmacological aspects especially human acne. Through this model, we examined the effects of several phospholipids on the secretion of sebum after topical application. The phospholipid derivatives were phosphatidylcholine (PC), hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine (HPC), phosphati dylserine (PS) and hydrogenated phosphatidylserine(HPS). All agents were dissolved into the vehicle (1, 3-Butanediol, ethanol and water) at 0.5％ weight volume and applied on the dorsal area of the fuzzy rat. To observe histological changes, the skin biopsies were stained with Oil Red O and the size and morphology of sebaceous gland was observed under microscope. Topical treatment with PC and/or HPC showed a marked decrease in sebum excretion. Especially hydrogenated PC (HPC) appeared to have more predominant sebosuppressive function than any other treatment. The other agents such as PS and HPS showed a marginal effect on sebum secretion. With the sebosuppressive activity, HPC and PC seem to have a good potential application on acne treatment. In order to obtain more insights into possible mechanisms behind the above observations, effects of each phospholipid on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) genes were investigated. Recently, it has been demonstrated that expression and activation of PPAR subtypes appear to modulate the accumulation of cytoplasmic fat droplets that characterizes the sebocyte differentiation(1). It was also previously suggested that PPAR${\gamma}$ antagonist would seem possible to interfere sebum production without side effects (2). In this study we examined the diverse effects of the tested phospholipids on the expression of several PPAR genes based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from the topically treated skin of fuzzy rats. The results and possible implications are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

Objectives This study was performed to evaluate the effects of fermented lotus extracts on prediabetes and hyperlipidemia in high fructose diet rats. Methods Extracts of lotus leaf and lotus root were fermented using 4 different probiotics separately, including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium breve, and Bifidobacterium longum. Expressions of adipogenic transcription factors including Adiponectin, GLUT-4, Leptin, PPAR gamma, Resistin and Visfatin were analyzed by Real time PCR and Western blotting analysis. Results Fermented lotus extracts reduced blood glucose. Fermented lotus extracts inhibited adipogenic transcription factors by inhibiting preadipocytes differentiation. The level of gene expression of Adiponectin, GLUT-4, Leptin, PPAR gamma, Resistin and Visfatin in relation to that of GAPDH were increase or decrease significantly with the Fermented lotus formulation group. Conclusions Fermented lotus extracts showed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects by inhibiting preadipocyte differentiation and controlling insulin sensitivity in high fructose diet rats.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.106-118
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate anti-obesity effects of Zingiberis Rhizoma on ovariectomized rats in order to determine the possibility of the clinical use in preventing and treating post-menopausal obesity. Methods: To investigate how menopause affects obesity in woman, rats were treated with Zingiberis Rhizoma extracts. We measured various biomarkers including GOT,GPT, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, $PPAR-{\gamma}$ mRNA, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, liver weight, estradiol, uterine weight, and calcitonin, which are linked with obesity and menopause. Results: There was a significant decrease in group which was given Zingiberis Rhizoma extracts 100 mg/kg and lipid level found in blood(total cholesterol, triglyceride). Fat accumulation of liver cells was repressed, liver function was improved and leptin and adipomectin levels were significantly normalized. In addition, expression of $PPAR-{\gamma}$ was significantly increased. Conclusions: The results indicated that Zingiberis Rhizoma extracts have anti-obesity effects on ovariectomized rats through improving liver function and lipid metabolic function.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.254-260
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• 2012

Adipose inflammation is linked to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Hesperidin (HES) is a flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. However, whether HES improves inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissues remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HES attenuates inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Herein, RAW 264.7 cells and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with various concentrations of HES in complete media for 1 h and then cultured in the presence or absence of LPS or TNF-${\alpha}$. Our results demonstrated that HES remarkably inhibited LPS-induced production of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and NO by RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Also, HES inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced production of IL-6 and $PGE_2$ in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, while upregulated TNF-${\alpha}$-suppressed expression of adiponectin and PPAR-${\gamma}$ mRNA. These findings suggest that HES may ameliorate inflammation-mediated insulin resistance in adipose tissue.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.316-323
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• 2013

Adipose tissue-derived chronic inflammation contributes to development of insulin resistance in obesity, leading to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Baicalin, a flavonoid, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, anti-adipogenic, and antiobesity effects. However, whether baicalin attenuates adipose tissue-derived development of insulin resistance remains still unclear. This study was to investigate effect of baicalin on the inflammatory changes involved in the development of insulin resistance in adipose tissue. RAW 264.7 cells and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were pretreated with various concentrations of baicalin in complete media for 1 h and then cultured in the presence or absence of LPS or TNF-${\alpha}$. Our results demonstrated that baicalin remarkably inhibited LPS-induced production of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6, and NO by RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Baicalin also inhibited TNF-${\alpha}$-induced production of IL-6 and $PGE_2$ in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, while upregulated TNF-${\alpha}$-suppressed expression of adiponectin and PPAR-${\gamma}$ mRNA and IRS-1 protein. These findings suggest that baicalin may prevent the adipose tissue-derived development of insulin resistance in obesity.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2013

The inhibitory effects of adipogenesis on ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction from leaves of the Tulip tree (TT) were evaluated. Exposure to TT EtOAc fraction (25~200 ${\mu}g/mL$) for a 72 hr incubation period did not significantly change cell viability. TT EtOAc fraction, with concentrations of 100 and 200 ${\mu}g/mL$, inhibited lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose dependent manner in adipogenesis. The expression of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$, essential adipogenic markers, was significantly decreased when TT EtOAc fraction was added to cells for 8 days as compared with the untreated control group. These results suggest that TT EtOAc fraction might be a potential therapeutic agent as an effective, natural alternative material for obesity treatment.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.62-69
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• 2014

Previous our study demonstrated that ailanthoidol (3-deformylated 2-arylbenzo[b]furan), a neolignan from Zanthoxylum ailanthoides or Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, is a novel anti-inflammatory agent. In this investigation, we examined the anti-adipogenic effect of ailanthoidol. Our data showed that ailanthoidol suppressed lipid droplet formation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment of the 3T3-L1 adipocytes with ailanthoidol resulted in an attenuation of the releases of leptin and interleukin-6. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\gamma}$ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein $(C/EBP){\alpha}$, the central transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis, was decreased by treatment with ailanthoidol. Additionally, ailanthoidol treatment increased the phosphorylation levels of 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase. These results suggest that ailanthoidol effectively suppresses adipogenesis and that it exerts its role mainly through the significant down-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ expression. Our findings provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the anti-adipogenic activity of ailanthoidol.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2015

In this study, the potential capacity of the crude extract and its solvent fractions from S. siliquanstrum against adipocyte differentiation were evaluated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The anti-adipogenic effect of S. siliquanstrum was evidenced by the fact that its crude extract decreases the lipid accumulation of differentiating cells and the expression levels of crucial adipogenesis markers, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $(PPAR){\gamma}$ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein $(C/EBP){\alpha}$. All solvent fractions except the water fraction showed an observable decrease in lipid accumulation and $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ expressions. In conclusion, these results suggest that S. siliquanstrum possesses obesity inhibiting components, which may possibly be used as a valuable anti-obesity agent for reducing the risk of obesity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2011

Wild ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine for thousands of years and for increase physical strength in Korea, China and Japan. This study reports that cultivated wild ginseng (CWG) inhibits adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of adipocyte differentiation is one possible anti-obesity strategy. CWG inhibits the expression of the adipocyte differentiation regulator peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)${\gamma}$ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$mRNA. It also inhibited the expression of PPAR${\gamma}$ and adiponectin at the protein level during the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. Additionally, CWG blocked the cell cycle at the sub-$G_1$ phase transition, causing cells to remain in the pre-adipocyte state. These results indicate that CWG inhibits adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis through pre-adipocyte cell cycle arrest in cultured 3T3-L1 cells.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br. ethanolic extract with different aspects (stem/leaf and whole plant) on differentiation and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The morphological changes and the degrees of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were measured by Oil Red O staining and intra-cellular triglyceride (TG) assay. The mRNA expressions of special peroxisome proliferation activated receptor- genes (PPAR), CCAAT/ enhancer-binding protein (C/$EBP{\alpha}$), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The 50% ethanolic extracts ($100{\mu}g/mL$) of stem and leaf (SALE) and 30% ethanolic extracts (100 g/mL) of whole plant (SAE) from Salvia plebeia R. Br. were significantly attenuated lipid accumulation during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Ethyl acetate-soluble fractions ($50{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibited lipid droplet accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, SALE induced down-regulation of specific adipogenic transcriptional factors (C/$EBP{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$) and target genes (FAS and LPL) during adipogenesis. Salvia plebeia R. Br. may be used as a safe and efficient natural substance to manage obesity.