• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2019

This study was conducted to determine the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) response of litterfall components as affected by N addition in compound fertilizer in a Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) stand in southern Korea. Litterfall in a mature red pine stand was collected for two years following compound fertilizer application ($N_3P_4K_1$; $P_4K_1$) and no fertilization (control). The C concentration of litterfall components was not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the $N_3P_4K_1$ and the control plots, whereas the N concentration of the litterfall components was significantly higher in the $N_3P_4K_1$ plot than in the control plot. The $N_3P_4K_1$ and $P_4K_1$ additions induced a lower C/N ratio of litterfall components compared with the control plot. Annual C and N fluxes via litterfall components were not affected by the $N_3P_4K_1$ addition over the study period, except for reproduction litter. Annual N fluxes via reproduction litter were significantly higher in the $N_3P_4K_1$ plot than in the control plot. Thus, the $N_3P_4K_1$ and $P_4K_1$ additions could modify differently nutrient distribution of the forest floor and mineral soils in a red pine stand. These results indicate that N concentration and C/N ratio in litterfall components are more susceptible to fertilizer application than the C response in litterfall components.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.2
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• pp.286-290
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• 2012

Globally, the forest fires are a significant contributor of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this study, fuel load consumed by forest fire and emission of green house gases were analysed in the surface layer. For this, remaining fuel was collected and weighed with the species (Japanese red pine, deciduous) and the forest fire types (surface fire, crown fire) in the 51 forest fires. 8,361 kg/ha fuel load was consumed in deciduous forest damaged by surface fire, and 8,055 kg/ha, 12,333 kg/ha in Japanese red pine burned by surface fire and crown fire. The combustion ratios were 78, 59, and 90%, respectively. 15,856 kg/ha the green house gases such as $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $CH_4$ in deciduous forest burned by surface fire was emitted and 14,834 kg/ha, 22,709 kg/ha in Japanese red pine burned by surface fire and crown fire.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.420-430
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• 2005

As the pine wilt disease spread rapidly over Korea in recent, aerial pesticide spraying to the infected pine stands increased abruptly. The increasing aerial pesticide application for control of the disease would result in disturbance of soil ecosystem in pine stands. This study was conducted to assess the disturbance, using field experiment in pine stands of Hongleong experimental forests in Seoul with BACI experimental design with three sprayed plots and three unsprayed plots of $25m^2$. We sprayed fenitrothion of 0.0335 kg a.i./ha over each of the sprayed plots, being the same as the pesticide residues of litters after aerial spraying. The pesticide had been applied on 4 June, 11 June, and 29 June in 2002, comparable with the dates of the aerial spraying in the previous year in Busan. We monitored population of soil organisms including arthropods, fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes at two sampling days before pesticide application, at two sampling days during the application season, and at three sampling days after last application for two months since late May in 2002. The pesticide applications did not make any significant effect on the population of arthropods, fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes in soils and on the structure of soil organism community, showing low probability of significant effects of the aerial pesticide application on soil organisms in pine stands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1976

One of the most common needle leaf species used in planting in Korea is korean pine (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) is one of the test species for suitability. The relation of nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine was studied at the Kwang Nung Nursery, Central Branch Station of Forest Research Institute, and about 40km north of Seoul. Nursery bed density of 2-1 korean pine, which ranged from 36 to 324 trees per square meters and of 1-1 jack pine, which ranged from 25 to 169 trees per square meters, had a marked effect on caliper, height, dry weight and percent and amount of plantable stock. The soil physical and chemical properties is silt plus clay, 50.55 percent; organic matter, 2.09 percent; total nitrogen, 0.13 percent; available phosphorus, 253.25 ppm; exchangeable potash, 0.46 m.e/100g; and pH, 5.58. As the density of the nursery seedling stand of 2-1 korean pine increases, the average tree height increases (Fig. 1A), but in 1-1 jack pine density do not affect to increase or decrease the average tree height. As the density of nursery bed increases, the average stem caliper (at 2cm above ground line) and dry weight decrease (Fig. 1B), but the decreasing rate is more seriously in 1-1 jack pine than 2-1 korean pine (Fig.5). As increasing the density of nursery bed, the T/R ratio of trees of the test species increase. Also the dry weight of leaf, stem and root parts are decreasing in proportion to the increase of stand density, but the drop rate of jack pine is more rapid than korean pine (table. 1) The patent facts of difference of growth characteristics between 2-1 korean pine and 1-1 jack pine were studied. These facts should be used to select the scale of stand density at the nursery bed or the plantable site. Korean pine is demanded high density, on the other hand in jack pine low density are more suitable to manage the stand density. Stands of comparatively low density had the greatest percentage of high-quality stock, and the stands of high density had less than the high quality trees of low density. An important criterion of the best density is percent and number of high-quality trees produced per square meter of bed area. Stem caliper and stem height of seedling is used in most public nurseries to sort seedling into plantable grades. The stock grade standard has set at 4.5mm caliper and 16cm height of 2-1 korean pine as the minimum desired stem caliper and height. By the result studies, the plantable stock grade standards of 2-1 korean pine used at stem height 16cm and stem caliper 4.5mm from public nurseries should be reformed to stem height 18cm and stem caliper 4.0mm by the growth characteristics and the tree distribution of stem height and caliper of relation to density. For the 2-1 korean pine, best density should be about 160 to 200 trees per square meter according to soil fertility. For the 1-1 jack pine, the suitable standard of plantable stock should be at stem height 25cm and caliper 6mm (at 2cm above ground line) and best density was about 100 to 120 trees.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2007

The CFDA (6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate) direct viable count method and plate count (PC) method using conventional nutrient broth (NB) medium and $10^{-2}$ diluted NB (DNB) medium were applied to samples collected from Mt. Yongdoo In Andong, in an effect to determine the number of living bacteria pine mushroom forest soil. The number of living bacteria determined via plate count in NB medium comprised $5{\sim}8%$ of the CFDA direct viable count, and the bacteria in the DNB medium comprised $40{\sim}47%$. This result indicated that viable but nonculturable (VBNC) bacteria existed in the pine mushroom forest soil at a high percentage. The phylogenetic characteristics of the VBNC bacterial populations in the samples of pine mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake) forest soil were analyzed via the direct extraction of DNA and 16S rDNA-ARDRA. The 115 clones from pine mushroom forest soil were clustered into 31 different RFLP phylotypes by ARDRA. Based on the 16S rDNA sequences, the 31 ARDRA clusters were classified into 6 phylogenetic groups: ${\alpha}-,\;{\beta}-,\;{\gamma}-Proteobacteria$, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. Among these bacterial populations, approximately 85% were classified as members of phylum Acidobacteria. The Acidobacteria phylum was shown to exist abundantly in the pine mushroom forest soil.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.143-148
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• 2018

The aim of this research was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of glued laminated lumber (glulam) made from jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) and pine (Pinus merkusii). Three layers of lamina from each wood species were bonded using isocyanate adhesive with a glue spread of $280g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ and then pressed using cold press with a specific pressure of 1.47 MPa. Samples had dimensions of $3cm{\times}6cm{\times}100cm$ (thickness, width, and length, respectively). Glulam properties were tested based on Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) 234-2003. The results showed that the density of glulam was $0.36g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ for jabon and $0.73g{\cdot}m^{-3}$ for pine. The moisture content of all glulams fulfilled the JAS standard. The mechanical properties of pine glulam fulfilled the JAS standard in all tests, whereas jabon glulam fulfilled the standard in the modulus of rupture and shear tests.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2009

Red pine (Pinus densiflora) has been used for structural wood members of Korean traditional residence (HANOK) and historic wooden structures. For these constructions, generally, natural drying has conducted for long time; however, unless drying is conducted sufficiently, it could cause several drying defects such as check or warping. Shrinkage changes of red pine species for small clear specimens and big-size specimens according to the conditions of moisture contents, were examined. For the estimation of volumetric shrinkage at a special moisture content, it was more precise to divide the range of moisture contents into two groups, green to air-dry and air-dry to oven-dry. The volumetric shrinkage had no difference with specimen sizes in sapwood, but decreased as specimen size increased in heartwood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.498-508
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• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate the potential of Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) inner bark extracts as an antidiabetic agent. The ethyl acetate soluble fraction of the bark extracts was chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column to yield five compounds, which structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. The isolated compounds were (+)-catehin, (-)-epicatechin, taxifolin, taxifolin-3'-O-${\beta}$-D-(+)-glucose and $\tilde{n}$-courmaric acid. The antidiabetic activity of the different fractions, including the crude extracts and isolated compounds, was evaluated by ${\beta}$-cells insulin secretion and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle cells. The insulin secretion was 128% for taxifolin at $25{\mu}g/mL$. However, the other samples had no effect on this test. For the glucose uptake activity assay, $1{\mu}M$ insulin and 2 mM metformin were used as controls. Both the crude extract and taxifolin showed relatively low activity values, but the other samples yielded glucose uptake values over 260%. ${\rho}$-courmaric acid showed the highest uptake (270%). The results confirmed that Korean red pine extracts may be used as a hypoglycemic agent.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 1976

This Study was carried out to investigate the course of air-drying and drying defects of red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.) and Italian poplar (Populus eurameriana I-476) boards 1,2 and 3cm thick in the flat pile. The results are as follows. 1. Air-drying curves for red pine and Italian poplar boards were same as figure 1 and 2. These moisture contents were lower in July and August during seasoning periods. 2. Air drying time of red pine board required to dry 15 percent moisture content in one week for 1 cm board, five weeks for 2 cm board and six weeks for 3cm board respectively. In case of Italian poplar boards, in one week for 1 cm board, four weeks for 2 cm and five weeks for 3 cm board. The thickness of board influenced the time for air drying. 3. Drying defects such as checking, warping and staining happened badly in pine than in Italian poplar boards. Especially, checking was severe in thicker board and warping in thinner board.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.390-397
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• 2011

In this study, bending test was conducted as beam members in timber roadside safety barrier. The flexural properties of pitch pine round timber according to the diameters were evaluated. And then grading based on the growth characteristics applied to choosing the pitch pine round timbers which is met the criteria of guideline (Japan, 2008). MOR of round timber 160 mm is higher than other specimens from 100 mm to 140 mm. Because of lower juvenile wood ratio and higher density. The MOE of round timber is decreased according to the increment of diameter. Only 32% of the specimens has passed the limitations. Performance of pitch pine round timbers has confirmed to suitability roadside safety beam members according to the guideline (Japan, 2008).