Figure 1. Monthly temperature and precipitation of the study site.
Figure 2. Monthly variation of soil NH4+-N and NO3--N concentration (n=6) following fertilizer applications in a red pine stand. Vertical bars represent standard error. Different letters on the bars in dicate significant difference between fertilizer treatment and control plots at P < 0.05.
Figure 3. Carbon concentration of fertilizer treatment (a), litterfall component (b, NE: needle; HW: hardwood leaf; BR: branches; BK: bark; RP: reproduction; MI: miscellaneous) and sample months (c) following compound fertilizer application in a red pine stand. Vertical bars represent standard error. Different letter on the bars represents a significant difference between fertilizer treatments (a), litterfall components (b), or months (c) at P < 0.05.
Figure 4. Nitrogen concentration and litterfall component with fertilizer treatment (a) and sampling month (b, NE: needle, HW: hardwood leaves; BR: branches; BK: bark; RP: reproduction; MI: miscellaneous) following compound fertilizer application in a red pine stand. Vertical bars represent standard error. Different letter on the bars represents a significant difference between fertilizer treatments (a) or months (b) at P < 0.05.
Figure 5. C/N ratio by fertilizer treatment (a) and sampling month (b, NE: needle, HW: hardwood leaves; BR; branches; BK: bark; RP: reproduction; MI: miscellaneous). Vertical bars represent standard error. Different letter on the bars represent a significant difference between fertilizer treatments (a) or months (b) at P < 0.05.
Figure 6. Carbon (a) and nitrogen fluxes (b) by sampling month and via litterfall components (NE: needle, HW: hardwood leaves; BR: branches; BK: bark; RP: reproduction; MI: miscellaneous) following fertilizer application in a red pine stand. Vertical bars represent standard error. Different letters on the bars indicate a significant difference in carbon flux (a) and nitrogen flux (b) between months (c) at P < 0.05.
Table 1. General stand and soil characteristics of the study site before fertilizer application.
Table 2. Results of ANOVA on the effects of compound fertilizer types (F), sampling month (M), and litterfall component (C) on litterfall C and N dynamics following compound fertilizer application in a red pine stand.
Table 3. Carbon and nitrogen fluxes via litterfall components by compound fertilizer types.
References
- Baek, G., Yang, A.R. and Kim, C. 2018. Carbon and nitrogen resorption of needles as affected by compound fertilizer in a red pine stand. Forest Science and Technology 12: 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2018.1475308
- Berg, B. and Laskowski, R. 2006. Litter decomposition; A guide to carbon and nutrient turnover. Advances in Ecological Research 38: 20-71.
- Bray, J.R. and Gorham, E. 1964. Litter production in forests of the world. Advances in Ecological Research 2: 101-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60331-1
- Huang, X., Cui, J., Yu, X., Tao, X. and Xu, X. 2016. Litterfall response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest of 80-year-old. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 45: 1035-1042.
- Jeong, J., Jo, C.G., Baek, G.W., Park, J.H., Ma, H.S., Yoo, B.O. and Kim, C. 2017. Soil and the foliage nutrient status following soil amendment applications in a Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtuse Endlicher) plantation. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 36: 289-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2017.1296778
- Joo, J.S., Lee, W.K., Kim, T.H., Lee, C.Y., Jin, I.S., Park, S.K. and Oh, M.Y. 1983. Studies on fertilization in pruning and thinning stands. The Research Report of Forest Research Institute 30: 155-189.
- Kim, C., Koo, K.S. and Byun, J.K. 2005. Litterfall and nutrient dynamics in pine (Pinus rigida) and larch (Larix leptolepis) plantations. Journal of Korean Forest Society 94: 302-306.
- Kim, C., Son, Y., Lee W.K., Jeong, J. and Noh, N.J. 2009. Influence of forest tending works on carbon distribution and cycling in a Pinus densiflora S et. Z. stands in Korea. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1420-1426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.12.015
- Kim, C., Byun, J.K., Park, J.H. and Ma, H.S. 2013a. Litter fall and nutrient status of green leaves and leaf litter at various compound ratios of fertilizer in sawtooth oak stands, Korea. Annals of Forest Research 56: 339-350.
- Kim, C., Jeong, J. and Kim, J.S. 2013b. Carbon and nitrogen inputs by litter fall in fertilized and unfertilized larch plantations. Forest Science and Technology 7: 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2011.559932
- Kim, Y., Byun, J.K., Kim, C., Park, B.B., Kim, Y.K. and Bae, S.W. 2014. Growth response of Pinus densiflora seedlings to different fertilizer compound ratios in a recently burned area in the eastern coast of Korea. Landscape and Ecological Engineering 2014: 241-247.
- Kim, C., Jeong, J., Park, J.H. and Ma, H.S. 2015. Growth and nutrient status of foliage as affected by tree species and fertilization in a fire-disturbed urban forest. Forests 6: 2199-2213. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6062199
- Kim, C., Baek, G., Park, S.W. and Kim, S. 2017. Inorganic nitrogen dynamics of throughfall following fertilization in a red pine stand. Forest Science and Technology 13: 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/21580103.2017.1394372
- Lee, I.K. and Son Y. 2006. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on nutrient dynamics and litterfall production of Pinus rigida and Larix kaempferi. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 29: 205-212. https://doi.org/10.5141/JEFB.2006.29.3.205
- Mayor, J.R., Wright, S.J. and Turner, B.L. 2014. Species-specific responses of foliar nutrients to long-term nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a lowland tropical forest. Journal of Ecology 102: 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12190
- Poorter, H. and De Jong, R. 1999. A comparison of specific leaf area, chemical composition and leaf construction costs of field plants from 15 habitats differing in productivity. New Phytologist 143: 163-176. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00428.x
- Sariyildiz, T. and Anderson, J.M. 2005. Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types. Forest Ecology and Manageent 210: 303-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.043
- SAS Institute Inc. 2003. SAS/STAT Statistical software. Version 9.1. SAS publishing Cary, NC.
- Sardans, J., Frau, O., Chen, H.Y.H., Hanssens, I.A., Ciais, P., Piao, S. and Penuelas, J. 2017. Changes in nutrient concentrations of leaves and roots in response to global change factors. Global Change Biology 23: 3849-3856. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13721
- Sato, T. 2004. Litterfall dynamics after a typhoon disturbance in a Castanopsis cuspidata coppice, southwestern Japan. Annals of Forest Science 61: 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2004036
- Smaill, S.J., Clinton, P.W. and Greenfield, L.G. 2008. Nitrogen fertiliser effects on litter fall, FH layer and mineral soil characteristics in New Zealand Pinus radiata plantations. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 564-569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.026
- Weetman, G.F. and Wells, C.G. 1990. Plant Analyses as an Aid in Fertilizing Forests. pp. 659-690. In : R.L. Westerman. (Ed). 3rd Ed. In soil testing and plant analysis. SSSA, Wisconsin, USA.
- Vose, J.M. and Allen, H L. 1991. Quantity and timing of needlefall in N and P fertilized loblolly pine stands. Forest Ecology and Management 41: 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(91)90104-4
- Yang, Y., Yanai, R.D., See, C.R. and Arthur, M.A. 2017. Sampling effort and uncertainty in leaf litterfall mass and nutrient flux in northern hardwood forests. Ecosphere 8: e01999. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1999
Cited by
- Phosphorus and Base Cation Inputs through Litterfall Components in Pine Forests after Tree Removal Due to Pine Wilt Disease Disturbance vol.108, pp.3, 2019, https://doi.org/10.14578/jkfs.2019.108.3.296