• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.109-129
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• 1994

Chronic health problems has become a major concern and challenge to the health care professionals today. Especially hypertension, one of the leading primary cause of death in Korea, is a typical chronic disease requiring adequate and continuous management. Though these hypertensives need to maintain desirable health practice by themselves for their life time, many previous studies indicated that most of the essential hypertensives have no specific symptoms and thus, reluctant to follow appropriate medical regimens causing the condition further aggravated and complicated. Self-care is an essential factor that keeps chronic patients in control of their health and wellness. Thus this study was conducted to identify the effect of the comprehensive self-regulation program as a nursing intervention on the promotion self-care performance and improvement in physical parameters of hypertensives. For this purpose, a one group quasi-experimental research with pre and post test design was used. The subjects of the study was consisted of thirty persons with mild or moderate essential hypertension from two companies in Cheong-ju city. The whole program was carried out from October, 1993 to February, 1994. The self-regulation program was consisted with group education on hypertension and self-care, self-regulation including the blood pressure self-monitoring and recording, recording of daily self-care activities, and encouraging and reinforcing self-efficacy through verbal persuation and enactive attainment. The subjects were asked to measure their own blood pressure by themselves twice per day and to record blood pressure and the daily self-care performance according to the instructions provided during the whole period of 9 weeks. The instruments used for data collection in this study were as follows : 1) Instruments used for measuring the knowledge about hypertension, multiple health locus of control, and perceived benifits and barriers were adapted from previous studies and modified by author to be fit for the subjects. 2) Self-efficacy scale and self-care performance record were developed by the author. 3) Physiological parameters included systolic / diastolic blood pressure, body weight, level of blood cholesterol, and 24hour ambulatory blood pressure. The post-experimental Cronbach's Alpha as the reliability test of scales were 0.703-0.897, an appropriate level of confidence. The effect of the program was analyzed by experimental stages ; the first week, the fifth week, and the ninth week since the experimental imput began. Data were analyzed by the SPSS PC+ program with paired t-test and t-test, repeated measure ANOVA, and pearson's correlation to de termine the effect of program. The results were as follows : 1) After the self-regulation program, scores on knowledge(t=-2.41, p=.011), perceived self-efficacy (F=5.60, p=.001), self-care performance(F=22.31, p=.0001) were significantly higher than those before the program. 2) After the program, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower than those before the program(F=10.89 -13.11, p=.0001). However in 24hour ambulatory blood pressure, systolic mean pressure was nearly significantly lower, but not in diastolic mean pressure. 3) After the program, the body weight was significant decresed(t=5.53, p=.0001), but the blood cholesterol level was not decreased significantly except in those cases with higher cholesterol level. 4) There were significant relationships between changes in self-care performance and diastolic pressure at 1st week (r=.3389, p=.033) and changes in self-care performance and systolic pressure at 9th week(r=.3651, p=.024). 5) There were significant relationship between perceived self-efficacy and self-care performance at 5th week(r=.5313, p=.001) and 9th week (r=.3026, p=.052). 6) After the program, internal health locus of control and perceived benefits did not show significant change, but perceived barriers was significantly lower than those before the program (t=3.57, p=.0001). From the above results, it can be concluded that 1) The self-regulation program is an effective nursing strategy to promote self-care performance of hypertensives and to lower the blood pressure. Thus this program can be recommended in the management of the hypertensives in workplaces and community settings. 2) The synthesis of Orem's self-care theory and Bandura's self-regulation & self-efficacy theory in this study was proved to enhance explanation and prediction of the change of self-care behavior. Thus the result of the study would contribute in development of the self-care theory and an expansion of practice-theory.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.206-220
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• 2003

Purpose: this study was intended to search the relationship between perception of the infant temperament in mother of infant at the age of 1～12 months and maternal confidence and satisfaction in performing maternal role, and to submit a basic data to establish a nursing intervention program which is helpful for determination of infant development and performing maternal role promotion by identify variables associated with infant temperament. Method: The subjects of this study were 300 mothers of infant at the age of 1～12 months who visited well baby clinic in 4 hospitals in Busan city and Kyoung-Nam province. Final analysis was performed in 293 cases. Seven cases was excluded in this study because of its inappropriate data collection. The data was collected from 1st July to 15th August 2002. The questionaries which were fill-up by mother were collected. Infant temperament was measured by using the tool of 'what my baby is like'(WBL) which was developed by Priham et. al.(1994) and translated by Bang(1999). The scale of postpartum self evaluation which was developed by Lederman et al(1981) and translated by Lee(1992) was used for the confidence and satisfaction of maternal role. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-PC for window, version 10.0: frequency, percentage, minimum, maximum, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Post-hoc test(Scheffe's test), Pearson Correlation Coefficients. Result: The mean score of maternal perception of the infant temperament was 6.17±1.04, and mother recognized her infant as positive. The mean score of confidence of maternal role was 2.89± .41 and this revealed in an average level. The mean score of satisfaction of maternal role was 3.29± .51 and this revealed in a higher level. There was a weak significant positive correlation between the score of maternal perception of infant temperament and confidence of maternal role(r=0.176, P= .003), but there was no significant correlation between satisfaction of maternal role(P> .05). It revealed the more maternal perception of the infant temperament as positive, the higher confidence of maternal role. There was a moderate significant positive correlation between confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of maternal role(r=0.410, P= .000). It revealed the more confidence of maternal role, the higher satisfaction of maternal role. The variables related with the score of maternal perception of infant temperament were the type of delivery (t=-2.600, P= .010), experience of learning baby care(t=2.382, P= .018), maternal perception on baby's health status(F=3.467, P= .033), maternal perception on her health status(F=3.467, P= .027), baby's age(F=3.080, P= .028). Conclusion: Our result showed the confidence of maternal role was increased as the maternal perception of infant temperament was positive, and conformed that the confidence of maternal role was also related with satisfaction of maternal role. Prenatal education, type of delivery, baby's age were also related with the maternal perception of infant temperament. So, nursing intervention program of developmental stage maybe necessary in order to help maternal perception of infant temperament as positive, and it will be increased the confidence of maternal role and satisfaction of performing maternal role which was considered as real indicate of achievement of maternal role.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.163-171
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze activities and satisfaction of volunteers for hospice care. Methods : We used 271 reports of hospice care and 20 questionnaire of activities and satisfaction of volunteers for hospice care from volunteers of in a community. Window SPSS-PC was used for the data analysis and the statistical method used were the descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results : 1) The highest score of activity was emotional area and the next activities was physical area. 2) The degree of emotional area (t=4.94, P<.05) and spiritual area (t=3.80, P<.05) was influence by religion of volunteers. 3) The mean score of satisfaction was 3.61. 4) There was correlation between duration of activity and death experience (r=.558, P<.05), emotional care (r=.698, P<.01), spiritual care (r=.474, P<.05), satisfaction (r=.651, P<.01), and the between physical care and family care (r=.559, P<.05), and the between spiritual cue and family care (r=.512, P<.05), and between emotional care and satisfaction (r=.536, P<.05). Conclution : The above result indicated that we must develope the management and education of volunteer of hospice care for various hospice care. Also, We should to encouraged the continuous education and efficient management.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.1-16
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the amount and interrelationship of the soft and hard tissue changes after simultaneous maxillary advancement and mandibular setback surgery in skeletal Class III malocclusion. The sample consisted of 25 adult patients(13 males and 12 females) who had severe anteroposterior skeletal discrepancy. These patients had received presurgical orthodontic treatment and surgical treatment which consisted of simultaneous Le Fort I or Le Fort II osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy. The presurgical and postsurgical lateral cephalograms were evaluated. The computerized statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS/$PC^+$ program. The results were as follows. 1. The correlation of maxillary hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were high and the ratios for soft tissue to A point were $71\%$ at Sn, $67\%$ at SLS and $37\%$ at LS. 2. The correlation of mandibular hard and soft tissue horizontal changes were very high and the ratios were $84\%$ at LI, $107\%$ at ILS, $96\%$ at Pog' and $97\%$ at Gn'. 3. The correlation of mandibular hard tissue horizontal changes and soft tissue vertical changes were moderate. 4. The upper to lower lip length were increased(P<0.001). 5. The soft tissue thickness were decreased in upper lip and increased in lower lip(P<0.001). The postsurgical changes were reversely correlated with initial thickness in upper lip.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 2014

This study aims to understand environmental factors that determine spatial distribution of macrozoobenthic community in the southern area (ca 100-500 m depth) of East Sea, Korea, known as a candidate site for carbon storage under the seabed. From sixteen locations sampled in the summer of 2012, a total of 158 species were identified, showing density of $843indiv/m^2$ and biomass of $26.2g\;WW/m^2$, with increasing faunal density towards biologically higher diverse locations. Principal component analysis showed that a total of 33 environmental parameters were reduced to three principal components (PC), indicating sediment, bottom water, and depth, respectively. As sand content was increasing, number of species increased but biomass decreased. Six dominant species including two bivalve species favored high concentrations of ${\Omega}$ aragonite and ${\Omega}$ calcite, indicating that the corresponding species can be severely damaged by ocean acidification or $CO_2$ effluent. Cluaster analysis based on more than 1% density dominant species classified the entire study area into four faunal assemblage (location groups), which were delineated by characteristic species, including (A) Ampelisca miharaensis, (B) Edwardsioides japonica, (C) Maldane cristata, (D) Spiophanes kroeyeri, and clearly separated in terms of geography, bottom water and sediment environment. Overall, a discriminant function model was developed to predict four faunal assemblages from five simply-measured environmental variables (depth, sand content in sediment, temperature, salinity and pH in bottom water) with 100% accuracy, implying that benthic faunal assemablages are closed linked to certain combinations of abiotic factors.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-94
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• 2002

This study was a quasi-experimental study of nonequivalent control group pretest- posttest design to investigate the effect of home rehabilitation exercise program on the physical and psychological functions of home stayed chronic hemiplegic stroke patients. The data were collected during the period of May 20th to August 15th, 200l. The subjects for this study were 40 hemiplegic stroke patients with the experimental group consisting of 19 patients and the control group being composed of 21 patients. The patients selected for this study were: (a)living in J city who had been diagnosed with stroke and at home after being discharged from the hospital, (b) suffering from stroke for 6 months to 5 years, (c) without recognition disorder with the MMSE-K(Mini-Mental State Examination-K)score above 25, (d) below 2 on the modified Ashworth scale, (e)free from heart and pulmonary disease, (f)able to walk beyond 15 minutes for themselves, (g) not taking regular exercises. The program for the experimental group provided 8 weeks' home rehabilitation exercise, two times of group education during the first week and individual education and supportive care after the second week through home visiting and telephoning more than once a week. The amount of time spent on rehabilitation exercise by the experimental group was 35 to 50 minutes a day, three times a week. In order to understand the effects of experiment the two groups were compared and verified by measuring the physical and psychological functions of both groups. The data were analysed by $\chi^{2}-test$, paired t-test and unpaired t-test and ANCOVA through SAS/PC program. The results of the study were as follows: 1. In terms of physical variables: grip strength. lower extremity muscle strength, walking time, ADL and serum lipid levels 1) There was no significant difference in the unaffected and affected grip strength between the two groups, even though the unaffected and affected grip strength was more improved in the experimental group than in the control group. 2) There was no significant difference in the unaffected lower extremity muscle strength between the two groups, even though the unaffected lower extremity muscle strength was more improved in the experimental group than in the control group. There was no significant difference either in the affected lower extremity muscle strength between the two groups, even though the affected lower extremity muscle strength was more improved in the experimental group than in the control group. 3) There was significant difference in walking time between the two groups. Walking time was significantly reduced in the experimental group whereas it increased in the control group. 4) There was significant difference in ADL score between the two groups. ADL score was significantly increased in the experimental group, but it significantly decreased in the control group. 5) There was significant difference in serum total cholesterol level between the two groups. After experiment the serum T-C level became lower in the experimental group whereas it became sigficantly higher in the control group. 2. In terms of psychological variables: depression and self-esteem 1) There was no significant difference in the depression between the two groups, even though the depression showed constant in the experimental group, but it showed a significant increase in the control group. 2) There was no significant difference in the self-esteem between the two groups, even though the self-esteem showed some increase in the experimental group, but it significant decrease in the control group. As shown above, the results of 8 weeks' home rehabilitation exercise program for chronic hemiplegic stroke patients produced positive effects on walking time, ADL score and serum T-C level, shortening walking time, improving activities of daily living(ADL) and lowering serum total cholesterol level.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.275-285
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• 1998

Antibody responses(IgG) to Paragonimus westermani. Clonorchis sinensis, Cysticercus cellulosae, Sparganum Anisakis simplex, Toxocara canis and Trichinella spiralis were studied. The ELISA technique was performed to determine the prevalence of above helminthic diseases. 975 cases obtained from Yanbian of China during October, 1995 to July, 1997 were examined with a positive antibody titer of 5.74% in clonorchiasis, 4.92% in paragonimiasis, 1.54% in cysticercosis. 8.51% in sparganosis, 1.85% in anisakiosis, 12.51% in toxocariasis, and 7.08% in trichinosis respectively. And 23.87% in showed positive antibody titer at least one of the seven helminths. The differences of the age and sex in the positive sera were analysed by the Chi-squared test and the level of significance accepted was p<0.05. The significant differences in positive antibody production were P.W.(p<0.01). C.S.(p<0.01), A.S.(p<0.05). T.C.(p<0.001), and T.S.(p<0.01) respectively in age groups. sparganosis(p<0.05) in sex groups. Other parasites showed that there were no significant differences among age groups and sex groups(males and females). Higher positive antibody rate of C.S. and P.W. occured in the 50-59 years old and those of T.C. and T.S. happened in the 20-29 years old. Patients of internal disease showed more positive antibody titer, that is to say, there was significant difference between positive rate of internal diseases and that of control (p<0.01. p<0.05) in 6 helminths except cysticercosis. The result showed that some cross reactions existed among nematodes, and the developed techniques(EITB) should be done for a correct diagnosis. Also the prevalence of some important helminths may be evaluated from the result and it would be a basic data for controlling parasitic diseases in Yanbian.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 1988

Size characteristics of three widely used landscape trees were analized to establish a methodology of size prediction as time Passes. Tree height, tree width, stem diameter(breast or surface), canopy length and tree age were measured directly and indirectly(by using photograph), and the data were analized by using regression analysis through PC-SAS. The results are summarized as follows : 1. Zelkova serrata MAKINO showed relatively slow growth rate and the tree form was changed as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.8293 x AGE Tree height = 0.4109(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0039(0.7273 x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.3240(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0024(0.1293 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1337(0.8293 x AGE) - 0.0020(0.7293 x AGE)$^2$2. Pinus strobus L. showed relatively fast growth rate and the tree form did not change much as aged. Size predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below. Breast diameter = 0.756 x AGE Tree height = 0.7695(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0164(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Tree width = 0.4331(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0079(0.75\ulcorner x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1365(0.756 x AGE) - 0.0032(0.75f x AGE)$^2$ 3. In case of Magnolia denudata DESROUX, tree form was determined relatively earlier than the other two species. Si2e predictions were available by using the regression equations listed below : Surface diameter = 0.88 x AGE Tree height = 0.5412(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0110(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ Tree width = 0.3752(0.88 x AGE) - 7.0061(0.88 x AGE)$^2$Canopy length = 0.1110(0.88 x AGE) - 0.0022(0.88 x AGE)$^2$ This study aimed to find a way to predict size change of landscaping plants. This methodology will be applied to a wide range of landscape plants to provide practical data to landscape designers.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.71-79
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• 1998

Purpose : The objective of this study is to introduce our installation of a non-commercial 3D Planning system, Plunc and confirm it's clinical applicability in various treatment situations. Materials and Methods : We obtained source codes of Plunc, offered by University of North Carolina and installed them on a Pentium Pro 200MHz (128MB RAM, Millenium VGA) with Linux operating system. To examine accuracy of dose distributions calculated by Plunc, we input beam data of 6MV Photon of our linear accelerator(Siemens MXE 6740) including tissue-maximum ratio, scatter-maximum ratio, attenuation coefficients and shapes of wedge filters. After then, we compared values of dose distributions(Percent depth dose; PDD, dose profiles with and without wedge filters, oblique incident beam, and dose distributions under air-gap) calculated by Plunc with measured values. Results : Plunc operated in almost real time except spending about 10 seconds in full volume dose distribution and dose-volume histogram(DVH) on the PC described above. As compared with measurements for irradiations of 90-cm 550 and 10-cm depth isocenter, the PDD curves calculated by Plunc did not exceed $1\%$ of inaccuracies except buildup region. For dose profiles with and without wedge filter, the calculated ones are accurate within $2\%$ except low-dose region outside irradiations where Plunc showed $5\%$ of dose reduction. For the oblique incident beam, it showed a good agreement except low dose region below $30\%$ of isocenter dose. In the case of dose distribution under air-gap, there was $5\%$ errors of the central-axis dose. Conclusion : By comparing photon dose calculations using the Plunc with measurements, we confirmed that Plunc showed acceptable accuracies about $2-5\%$ in typical treatment situations which was comparable to commercial planning systems using correction-based a1gorithms. Plunc does not have a function for electron beam planning up to the present. However, it is possible to implement electron dose calculation modules or more accurate photon dose calculation into the Plunc system. Plunc is shown to be useful to clear many limitations of 2D planning systems in clinics where a commercial 3D planning system is not available.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.5-35
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• 1998

This study attempted to determine the relation between the maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers, and how it changed over time. A descriptive, longitudinal and comparative study design was conducted to collect and analyzed the data at three times(at 3-4days, at 4-6wks and at 3-month postpartum) regarding the change of maternal role strain and their husbands' support in employed and nonemployed first-time mothers. The subjects were 133 first-time mothers who delivered vaginally at K university hospital in Deagu, Korea from Dec., 1994 to Oct., 1995. Among these 58 were employed and 75 were nonemployed first-time mothers. This instruments used to data collection in this study were by Hobbs(1968 : The Difficulty Index for First-time Parents), Staffensmeier(1982: Transition Difficulty Measure), Tayer(1976: Emotional Support from Husband), Lee, Hae Kyoung(1992 : Physical Support from Husband). The analysis of data was done with SAS/PC program which included percentage, $x^2$-test, Pearson correlation, Repeated Measure ANOVA, Time Contrast Analysis and t-test. The results were as follows : 1. There was a significant negative correlation only at 3-4days(r=-.19, P=.0265) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.18, P=.0392) between maternal role strain and husband's support of the first-time mothers. Thus, the more support from husband, the less maternal role strains the first-time mothers felt. Therefore, the 1st hypothesis that "the more husband's support the first-time mother felt at all the time of testing, the less maternal role strains they got" was partially supported at 3-days and 4-6 weeks postpartum. There was no correlation between maternal role strain and t husband's support of the employed first-time mothers at al testing times(at 3-4days postpartum : r=-.95, P=.9548, at 4-6wks postpartum : r=-.0960, P=.4733 and at 3-month postpartum : r=-.05, P=7306). On the contrary, the unemployed first-time mothers felt less maternal role strain when they received more support from their husband at 3-4 days postpartum(r=-.31, P=.0073) and at 4-6wks postpartum(r=-.23, P=.0490). 2. There was no difference of maternal role strain between two groups with regards to employment status(F=.97, P=.3270). But the maternal role strains of two groups were changed differently each other over time(F=3.89, P=.00234). Therefore, the 2nd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the maternal role strains with regard to employment status and over time" was rejected. 3. There was no difference in husband's support between the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers(F=3.06, P=.0826). But there was a significant interaction between employment status and over time(F=3.64, P=.0267), so the support from husband of the employed and the unemployed first-time mothers was changed differently each other over time. The support from husband of the employed first-time mothers was lowered significantly and continuously at 4-6wks (F=5.20, P=.0263) and at 3-month postpartum(F=6.47, P=.0137) than at 3-4 days postpartum. On the contrary, there was no difference in change of husband's support of the employed first-time mothers between the 3-4 days and the 4-6wks postpartum(F=1.70, P=.1962) and between the 3-4 days and the 3-month postpartum(F=.21, P=.6513). Mean husband's support of the nonemployed first-time mothers was raised at 4-6wks postpartum than at 3-4 days postpartum but lowed at 3-month postpartum. The support form husband of both groups was tending downwards at 3-month postpartum than at 4-6wks postpartum, but the one between two groups was changed differently each other over time. The husband's support of the employed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=64. 26${\pm}$8.63) was higher than the one of the nonemployed first-time mothers(M${\pm}$SD=59.16${\pm}$11.11) (t=-2.98, P=.0035), so the 3rd hypothesis that "there was the difference in the husband's support with regard to employment status and over time" was supported. On the basis of these conclusions, the following suggestion is proposed. This study examined the change and relationship between maternal role strain and husband's support in the employed and the nonemployed first-time mothers. So the further study regarding the comparison between the employed and the nonemployed multiparas is necessary.