• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.737-746
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• 2008

Mechanisms of sticking phenomena occurring during hot rolling of a modified STS 430J1L ferritic stainless steel have been investigated in this study by using a pilot-plant-scale rolling machine. As the rolling pass proceeds, the Fe-Cr oxide layer formed in a reheating furnace is destroyed, and the destroyed oxides penetrate into the rolled steel to form a thin oxide layer on the surface region. The sticking does not occur on the surface region containing oxides, whereas it occurs on the surface region without oxides by the separation of the rolled steel at high temperatures. This indicates that the resistance to sticking increases by the increase in the surface hardness when a considerable amount of oxides are formed on the surface region, and that the sticking can be evaluated by the volume fraction and distribution of oxides formed on the surface region. The lubrication and the increase of the rolling speed and rolling temperature beneficially affect to the resistance to sticking because they accelerate the formation of oxides on the steel surface region. In order to prevent or minimize the sticking, thus, it is suggested to increase the thickness of the oxide layer formed in the reheating furnace and to homogeneously distribute oxides along the surface region by controlling the hot-rolling process.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.30
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• pp.251-261
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• 2017

Metal is a material that has exerted a lot of influence on the development of human cultures, and has closely connected with our life from the past to the present. Types of metal we have used from the prehistoric times are varied, and iron relics take the largest percentage of metal relics excavated in our country. The biggest threat to the existence of iron relics ranging from excavated relics to the ones that are transmitted is the process of corrosion, and physical removal has been used the most for removing corroded oxides. For details for removal of corrosion oxides, this thesis aimed to research on the chemical corrosion oxides remover that protects parent material of iron relics but treats corrosion oxides only. For safe and effective removal of corrosion oxides of iron relics, this study was conducted aiming at finding the possibility of and optimized composition for removal of iron relics corrosion oxides by manufacturing new acid, alkaline and neutral oxides removers and changing their composition variously, exploring the possibility by applying the agents to modern relics. The results of this study are as follows: First, the acid solution removed only some part of corrosive substance oxidized on the surface of metal specimen. Second, the application of each of alkaline and neutral solution resulted in remaining black-colored corrosive substance, but it was removed when the quantity of the solution and the duration of application are increased. Third, All the three solutions did not cause any damage to parent material in the course of application, and showed the result that they are capable of removing unstable oxide layer while protecting parent material and stable corrosive layer as the solutions would be able to deal with situation by a relic only through the control of concentration of solution and duration of application.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2009

In order to determine organic carbon oxidation by manganese and iron oxides, six core sediments were obtained in slope and basin sediments of Ulleung Basin in East Sea. The basin sediments show high organic carbon contents (>2%) at the water depths deeper than 2,000 m; this is rare for deep-sea sediments, except for those of the Black Sea and Chilean upwelling regions. In the Ullleung Basin, the surface sediments were extremely enriched by Manganese oxides with more than 2%. Maximum contents of Fe oxides were found at the depth of $1{\sim}4cm$ in basin sediments. However, the high level of Mn and Fe oxides was not observed in slope sediment. Surface manganese enrichments (>2%) in Ulleung Basin may be explained by two possible mechanisms: high organic carbon contents and optimum sedimentation rates and sufficient supply of dissolved Manganese from slope to the deep basin. Reduction rates of iron and manganese oxides ranged from 0.10 to $0.24\;mmol\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$ and from 0.30 to $0.57\;mmol\;m^{-2}day^{-1}$, respectively. In Ulleung Basin sediments, $13{\sim}26%$ of organic carbon oxidation may be linked to the reduction of iron and manganese oxides. Reduction rates of metal oxides were comparable to those of Chilean upwelling regions, and lower than those of Danish coastal sediments.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.73 no.6
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• pp.685-698
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• 2020

The dynamic stability of a functionally graded polymer microbeam reinforced by graphene oxides subjected to a periodic axial force is investigated. The microbeam is assumed to rest on an elastic substrate and is subjected to various immovable boundary restraints. The weight fraction of graphene oxides nanofillers is graded across the beam thickness. The effective Young's modulus of the functionally graded graphene oxides reinforced composite (FG-GORC) was determined using modified Halpin-Tsai model, with the mixture rule used to evaluate the effective Poisson's ratio and the mass density. An improved third order shear deformation theory (TSDT) is used in conjunction with the Chebyshev polynomial-based Ritz method to derive the Mathieu-Hill equations for dynamic stability of the FG-GORC microbeam, in which the scale effect is taken into account based on modified couple stress theory. Then, the Mathieu-Hill equation was solved using Bolotin's method to predict the principle unstable regions of the FG-GORC microbeams. The numerical results show the effects of the small scale, the graphene oxides nanofillers as well as the elastic substrate on the dynamic stability behaviors of the FG-GORC microbeams.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.132-132
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• 2013

Colloidal synthesis of nanoparticles with well-controlled size, shape, and composition, together with development of in situ surface science characterization tools, such as ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), has brought new opportunities to unravel the surface structure of working catalysts. Recent studies suggest that surface oxides on transition metal nanoparticles play an important role in determining the catalytic activity of CO oxidation. In this talk, I will outline the recent studies on the influence of surface oxides on Rh, Pt, Ru and Co nanoparticles on the catalytic activity of CO oxidation [1-3]. Transition metal nanoparticle model catalysts were synthesized in the presence of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) polymer capping agent and deposited onto a flat Si support as two-dimensional arrays using the Langmuir-Blodgett deposition technique. APXPS studies exhibited the reversible formation of surface oxides during oxidizing, reducing, and CO oxidation reaction [4]. General trend is that the smaller nanoparticles exhibit the thicker surface oxides, while the bigger ones have the thin oxide layers. Combined with the nature of surface oxides, this trend leads to the different size dependences of catalytic activity. Such in situ observations of metal nanoparticles are useful in identifying the active state of the catalysts during use and, hence, may allow for rational catalyst designs for practical applications. I will also show that the surface oxide can be engineered by using the simple surface treatment such as UV-ozone techniques, which results in changing the catalytic activity [5]. The results suggest an intriguing way to tune catalytic activity via engineering of the nanoscale surface oxide.

• Clean Technology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.233-242
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• 2013

The influences of Ca and Fe based oxides as dechlorination sorbents on the product distribution, boiling point distribution of liquid product, concentration of Cl of the products from the pyrolysis of PVC containing combustible wastes were investigated. With Fe based oxides as the sorbents, the yield of liquid product remarkably decreased whereas the decrease of the boiling point distribution of the liquid product was not noticeable. This phenomenon indicated that Fe based oxides worked as catalysts with weak catalytic activity. With Ca based oxides as the sorbents, the yield of liquid product did not decrease and the boiling point distribution of liquid product did not change significantly, but the dechlorination performance of these was much better than that with Fe based oxides.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.228-232
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• 2003

The effects of$ Nd_2$$O_3$addition on the properties of Mn-Zn ferrite were investigated in the doping concentration range from 0.05 to 0.25 wt%. All samples were prepared by standard fabrication of ferrite ceramics. With increasing the Neodymium oxides, specific density and initial permeability increased on the whole. But, the tendencies such as upper result had the measured value on limitation and characteristics saturated or decreased properties after that. With increasing the content of Neodymium oxides. both the real and imaginary component of complex permeability and the magnetic loss(tan$\delta$) increased. Because reason that magnetic loss increases is high ratio that a real department increases than imaginary department. Magnetic loss increased none the less for increasing the real department related with magnetic permeability. But, the magnetic loss of ferrite doped with the Neodymium oxides were lower than that of none doped Mn-Zn ferrite. The small amount of percent Neodymium oxides in Mn-Zn ferrite composition led to enhancement of resistivity in bulk, and more so in the grain boundary.

• Journal of Powder Materials
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2020

The automotive industry has focused on the development of metallic materials with high specific strength, which can meet both fuel economy and safety goals. Here, a new class of ultrafine-grained high-Mn steels containing nano-scale oxides is developed using powder metallurgy. First, high-energy mechanical milling is performed to dissolve alloying elements in Fe and reduce the grain size to the nanometer regime. Second, the ball-milled powder is consolidated using spark plasma sintering. During spark plasma sintering, nanoscale manganese oxides are generated in Fe-15Mn steels, while other nanoscale oxides (e.g., aluminum, silicon, titanium) are produced in Fe-15Mn-3Al-3Si and Fe-15Mn-3Ti steels. Finally, the phases and resulting hardness of a variety of high-Mn steels are compared. As a result, the sintered pallets exhibit superior hardness when elements with higher oxygen affinity are added; these elements attract oxygen from Mn and form nanoscale oxides that can greatly improve the strength of high-Mn steels.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.395-398
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• 1998

Lithium insertion has been studied in a number of vanadium oxides with special regard to their application as the active materials in rechargeable lithium cells. Very high stoichiometric energy densities for lithium insertion are found for several of these materials. Some vanadium oxides, e.g. V$_2$ $O_{5}$ and V$_{6}$ $O_{13}$, are now being used in commercially developed rechargeable Li batteries. Another material which is receiving remarkable attention for this kind of cells is LiV$_3$ $O_{8}$. In variety of ternary lithium-vanadium oxides, the lithium content can be varied between certain limits without major changes in the vanadium oxygen lattice. In our worts, the oxides which do net form these thermodynamically stable bronzes can still accommodate large amounts of lithium at ambient temperature, forming kinetically stable insertion compounds. These compounds owe their existence to the whereas lithium is easily introduced into these open structures. The oxides investigated are rather poor electronic conductors; the conductivity decrease with increase in the lithium content. Improvements in the electrode fabrication technique are needed to alleviate this Problem.oblem.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2010

This is an overview paper reporting our most recent work on processing and microstructure of nano-structured oxides and their photoluminescence and photo-catalysis properties. Zinc oxide and related transition metal oxides such as vanadium pentoxide and titanium dioxide were produced by a combination of magnetron sputtering, hydrothermal growth and atmosphere controlled heat treatment. Special morphology and microstructure were created including nanorods arrays, core-brushes, nano-lollipops and multilayers with very large surface area. These structures showed special properties such as much enhanced photoluminescence and chemical reactivity. The photo-catalytic properties have also been promoted significantly. It is believed that two factors contributed to the high reactivity: the large surface area and the interaction between different oxides. The transition metal oxides with different band gaps have much enhanced photoluminescence under laser stimulation. Use of these complex oxide structures as electrodes can also improve the energy conversion efficiency of solar cells. The mixed oxide complex may provide a promising way to high-efficiency photo emitting materials and photo-catalysts.