• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1157-1167
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• 2014

In order to compare the anti-inflammatory effects of five selected cereal grains-proso millet, hwanggeumchal sorghum, foxtail millet, barnyard millet, and adlay-the inhibitory activities of 80% ethanol (EtOH) extracts obtained from the individual grains on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) generation were investigated in RAW264.7 cells. The EtOH extract of barnyard millet (Echinochloa crus-galli var. frumentacea) grains exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activity than that of the other grains. When the EtOH extract of barnyard millet grains was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol, the majority of the anti-inflammatory activity was detected in the MC fraction, followed by the EtOAc fraction. Pretreatment with the MC fraction caused downregulation of the expression levels of iNOS- and COX-2-specific transcripts and proteins, as well as proinflammatory cytokine gene transcripts (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, the MC fraction could suppress not only the LPS-induced nuclear translocation of cytosolic NF-kB, but also the LPS-induced activation of MAPKs, such as ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK. Further analysis of the MC fraction by HPLC identified kaempferol, biochanin A, and formononetin as the major phenolic components. Both kaempferol and biochanin A, but not formononetin, could exert anti-inflammatory effect at the same concentrations as those of the MC fraction. Consequently, these results indicate that kaempferol and biochanin A are among the most effective anti-inflammatory phenolic components in barnyard millet grains. This finding suggests that barnyard millet grains and the MC extract enriched in kaempferol and biochanin A could be beneficial functional food sources that have an anti-inflammatory effect.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.279-283
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• 2020

In this study we evaluated the antimicrobial effects of EcoCal^® (calcium oxide) and GF Bactostop^® (organic acids mix) in sausages during storage at 10℃. The sausages were formulated with 0.1% EcoCal^® (0.1ECO), 0.1% EcoCal^®+0.5% GF Bactostop^® (0.1ECO+0.5GF), 0.2% EcoCal^® (0.2ECO), and 0.2% EcoCal^®+0.5% GF Bactostop^® (0.2ECO+0.5GF). Total aerobic and lactic acid bacteria in the sausages were enumerated on tryptic soy agar and Lactobacilli MRS agar, respectively, during storage at 10℃ for 10 weeks. The 0.1ECO+0.5GF showed the most effective antimicrobial effects on the sausages, and 0.1ECO showed the second most effective antimicrobial effect. Total aerobic bacterial cell counts gradually increased in the control, 0.2ECO, and 0.2ECO+0.5GF groups, but cell growth was generally inhibited in 0.1ECO by approximately day 42 (P<0.05) and 0.1ECO+0.5GF by approximately day 49 (P<0.05). Lactic acid bacterial cell counts gradually increased in the control, 0.2ECO, and 0.2ECO+0.5GF groups, but the lactic acid bacteria growth was inhibited in 0.1ECO by approximately day 49 (P<0.05) and in 0.1ECO+0.5GF by approximately day 64. These results suggest that using 0.1% EcoCal^®+0.5% GF Bactostop^® in sausage formulation is useful for inhibiting lactic acid bacteria growth, thereby extending the shelf-life of the sausage product.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

The antioxidant activity of hot water extracts made from Yuza (Citrus junos SIEB ex TANAKA) cultivated in Namhae Changseon, Seolcheon and Idong-myeon was analyzed. The total phenolic compound content was significantly higher in the Seolcheon sample (116.06 mg/100 g) than in Idong or Changseon. Flavonoids and hesperidin contents were not significantly different among samples. The electron-donating ability of the Yuza peel hot water extracts was activated to over 55% in all samples with $5,000\;{\mu}g/mL$ added to the reaction system, with especially high in the Seolcheon sample (85.70%). Also, the reducing powder in $10,000\;{\mu}g/mL$ added to the reaction system was showed significantly higher in the Seolcheon (0.82) than in the other samples. The ABT cation decolorization capacity of Yuza peel extracts was activated to over 50% in all samples when $5,000\;{\mu}g/mL$ of water extracts were added to the reaction mixture, and the activity was the highest (67.59%) in the Idong samples. The nitric oxide scavenging activity was lower than 45% in all samples, with the activity of Changseon significantely lower than the other samples. The antioxidant activity of the $\beta$-carotene linoleic acid system was 33.30~42.22% when $1,000\;{\mu}g/mL$ water extracts was added to the reaction mixtures, of which the activity in the Yuza cultivated in Seolcheon showed the highest.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.569-574
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the biological activities of roasted (RE) and non-roasted (NRE) hot water extract samples from Euonymus alatus leaf by measuring DPPH radical scavenging, total polyphenol content, hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and inhibitory effects on ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ in vitro. The $IC_{50}$ values fur DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the NRE and RE hot water extracts were $19.1{\mu}g/mL$ and $21.9{\mu}g/mL$, respectively, and their total polyphenol contents were estimated as 9.6 mg/g for NRE and 10.6 mg/g for RE. Both NRE and RE scavenged the hydroxyl radical in a concentration-dependent manner, but their activities were lower than that of BHA. It was also shown that SOD-like activity was dependent on NRE and RE concentration, and the SOD-like activity of NRE was slightly higher than that of RE. The highest SOD-like activity obtained from NRE was 20% at a concentration of 3 mg/mL. Neither NRE nor RE seemed to have an effect on ${\alpha}-amylase$ and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibition. Finally, the hot water extracts of NRE and RE significantly decreased the concentration of LPS-induced NO in RAW 264.7 cells, indicating anti-inflammatory activity.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.1 s.55
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• pp.76-83
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• 2005

The process of reusing the treated water generated during this process and that of recovery of molybdenum from the excessive water were studied. The results were as follows. Molybdenum recollection 1. Reusing processing water generated after dissolving process on FL/20 type, the following were the remaining Mo.'s weights after the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, & 6th dissolutions respectively. 1) The result of measuring the quantity of Mo. in processing water(the 1st solving water) generated after the 1st dissolving Mo. process was $369g/\ell$ 2) The result of measuring the quantity of Mo. in processing water(the 2nd solving water) generated after the 1st dissolving Mo. process reusing the 1st solving water was $627.3g/\ell$ 3) The result of measuring the quantity of Mo. in processing water(the 3rd solving water) generated after the dissolving Mo. process reusing the 2nd solving water was $808.11g/\ell$ 4) The result of measuring the quantity of Mo. in processing water(the 4th solving water) generated after the dissolving Mo. process reusing the 3rd solving water was $934.68g/\ell$ 5) The result of measuring the quantity of Mo. in processing water(the 5th solving water) generated after the dissolving Mo. process reusing the 4th solving water was $1023.27g/\ell$ 6) The result of measuring the quantity of Mo. in processing water(the 6th solving water) generated after the dissolving Mo. process reusing the 5th solving water was $1085.29g/\ell$ 2. The followings were the results of recollectings Mo. in processing water respectively generated after dissolving Mo. to produce complete goods df FL/20 type filament. 1) the percentage of recollecting Mo. in the 1st solving water was $93.0\%$ 2) the percentage of recollecting Mo. in the 2nd solving water was $94.5\%$ 3) the percentage of recollecting Mo. in the 3rd solving water was $95.5\%$ 4) the percentage of recollecting Mo. in the 4th solving water was $96.0\%$ 5) the percentage of recollecting Mo. in the 5th solving water was $96.2\%$ 6) the percentage of recollecting Mo. in the 6th solving water was $96.4\%$ 3. The followings were the results of analyzing, with ICP, holding quantities of Mo. in the 6 processing waters to produce FL/20 type filament after passing a 3 staged solid-liquid separator through, dehydrating and drying for more than 3 hours in a dryer to recollect solving Mo. in them 1) the Mo. holding percentage in the 1st solving water was $76.6\%$ 2) the Mo. holding percentage in the 2nd solving water was $76.6\%$ 3) the Mo. holding percentage in the 3rd solving water was $76.6\%$ 4) the Mo. holding percentage in the 4th solving water was $76.6\%$ 5) the Mo. holding percentage in the 5th solving water was $76.6\%$ 6) the Mo. holding percentage in the 6th solving water was $76.6\%$ It was noted that with the number of times the recollecting Mo. percentage become higher, and in spite of much recollecting, without any large effect on the goods the solving water could be reused as the processing water. Because the collected Mo. holding percentages were more than $76\%$, it is considered they are very good one than Chinese Mo. ores with $50\%$ degrees of purity, worthy of recollecting Mo.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.399-407
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• 2008

Importance of climate change and its impact on agriculture and environment has increased with a rise of greenhouse gases (GHGs) concentration in Earth's atmosphere, which had caused an increase of temperature in Earth. Greenhouse gas emissions such as methane($CH_4$) and nitrous oxide($N_2O$) in the field need to be assessed. GHGs fluxes using chamber systems in the fields(2004~2005) with pepper cultivation were monitored at the experimental plots of National Academy of Agricultural Science(NAAS), Rural Development Administration(RDA) located in Suwon city. $N_2O$ emission during pepper growing period was reduced to 74.0~82.1% in sandy loam soil compared with those in clay loam soil. Evaluating $N_2O$ emission at different levels of soil water conditions, $N_2O$ emission at -50 kPa were lowered to 13.2% in clay loam soil and 40.2% in sandy loam soil compared with those at -30 kPa. $CH_4$ emission was reduced to 45.7~61.6% in sandy loam soil compared with those in clay loam soil. Evaluating $CH_4$ at different levels of soil water conditions, $CH_4$ emission at -50 kPa was lowered to 69.6% in clay loam soil and 55.8% in sandy loam soil compared with those at -30 kPa. It implied that -50 kPa of soil water potential was effective for saving water and reducing GHG emissions. From the path analysis as to contribution factors for $N_2O$ emission, it appeared that contribution rate was in the order of mineral N(51.2%), soil temperature (25.8%), and soil moisture content(23.0%) in clay loam soil and soil moisture content(39.3%), soil temperature (36.4%), and mineral N(24.3%) in sandy loam soil.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2006

Anodic alumina with self-organized and ordered nano hole arrays can be a good candidate of an irradiation mask to modify the properties of nano-scale region. In order to try using porous anodic alumina as a mask for ion-beam patterning, ion beam transmittance of anodic alumina was tested. 4 Um thick self-standing AAO templates anodized from Al bulk foil with two different aspect ratio, 200:1 and 100:1, were aligned about incident ion beam with finely controllable goniometer. At the best alignment, the transmittance of the AAO with aspect ratio of 200:1 and 100:1 were $10^{-8}\;and\;10^{-4}$, respectively. However transmittance of the thin film AAO with low aspect ratio, 5:1, were remarkably improved to 0.67. The ion beam transmittance of self-standing porous alumina with a thickness larger than $4{\mu}m$ is extremely low owing to high aspect ratio of nano hole and charging effect, even at a precise beam alignment to the direction of nano hole. $SiO_2$ nano dot array was formed by ion irradiation into thin film AAO on $SiO_2$ film. This was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy that the $SiO_2$ nano dot array is similar to AAO hole array.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.556-561
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• 2001

We prepared a new a SOS(silicon-on-silicide) wafer pair which is consisted of Si(100)/1000$\AA$-NiSi Si (100) layers. SOS can be employed in MEMS(micro- electronic-mechanical system) application due to low resistance of the NiSi layer. A thermally evaporated $1000\AA$-thick Ni/Si wafer and a clean Si wafer were pre-mated in the class 100 clean room, then annealed at $300~900^{\circ}C$ for 15hrs to induce silicidation reaction. SOS wafer pairs were investigated by a IR camera to measure bonded area and probed by a SEM(scanning electron microscope) and TEM(transmission electron microscope) to observe cross-sectional view of Si/NiSi. IR camera observation showed that the annealed SOS wafer pairs have over 52% bonded area in all temperature region except silicidation phase transition temperature. By probing cross-sectional view with SEM of magnification of 30,000, we found that $1000\AA$-thick uniform NiSi layer was formed at the center area of bonded wafers without void defects. However we observed debonded area at the edge area of wafers. Through TEM observation, we found that $10-20\AA$ thick amourphous layer formed between Si surface and NiSix near the counter part of SOS. This layer may be an oxide layer and lead to degradation of bonding. At the edge area of wafers, that amorphous layer was formed even to thickness of $1500\AA$ during annealing. Therefore, to increase bonding area of Si NiSi ∥ Si wafer pairs, we may lessen the amorphous layers.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2001

Oxidative stress and defense system of SD-rats were studied with an edible Nigerian mushroom, namely, Lentinus tuber-regium (Fries) Singer. Experimental diets prepared with Lentinus tuber-regium (LTR) instead of carbohydrates were fed to SD rats for 6 weeks. Hydrolxyl radical $({\cdot}OH)$ formations were significantly inhibited (21.7% and 16.4%, respectively). In LTR-50 and LTR-100 groups used instead of carbohydrates, and hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide (NO) were also significantly inhibited by 10%, and $6{\sim}10%$, respectively compared with control group, but there was no significant changes in superoxide radical $({O_2}^-)$ formations in these groups. Lipid peroxide (LPO) and oxidized protein (OP) levels as an oxidative stress were desirably inhibited ($6{\sim}12%\;and\;5{\sim}13%$, respectively) in these LTR groups compared with control group. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased ($15{\sim}50%,\;10{\sim}25%\;and\;60{\sim}90%$, respectively) in these LTR groups. These results suggest that an edible mushroom, Lentinus tuber-regium may inhibit an oxygen radicals and oxidative stresses, but may also effectively modulate an aging processes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1739-1744
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• 2010

In this study, the bioactivities of ethanol (EEAR) and water extract (WEAR) from the leaf of Aceriphyllum rossii were investigated. In the anti-oxidative activity, IC50 of DPPH radical scavenging activity was respectively 549.86 and $62.14{\mu}g$/mL by EEAR and WEAR. Anti-inflammatory activity of EEAR and WEAR has been evaluated on inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) release by the macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. EEAR and WEAR inhibited inflammatory by 5.58 and 16.85% in 10 mg/mL, respectively. In the anti-diabetic activity, $IC_{50}$ of $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activity was 5.62 and $425.63{\mu}g$/mL by EEAR and WEAR. $IC_{50}$ of $\alpha$-amylase inhibitory activity of EEAR and WEAR was 4,623.87 and over $10,000{\mu}g$/mL, respectively. In the anti-obesity, all lipase inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$) of EEAR and WEAR was up $10,000{\mu}g$/mL. Finally, EEAR and WEAR exhibited anti-oxidative and anti-diabetic activity. It suggests that Aceriphyllum rossii could be potentially used as a resource of bioactive materials for health functional foods.