• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.681-685
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• 2009

L-carnitine promotes mitochondrial ${\beta}$-oxidation of long chain fatty acids and their subsequent transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Although the role of L-carnitine in fatty acid metabolism has been extensively studied, its role in live performance and carcass responses of commercial broilers is less understood. The objective of this research was to determine if Lcarnitine fed at various levels in diets differing in CP and amino acids impacted on live performance and carcass characteristics of commercial broilers. Two floor pen experiments were conducted to assess the effect of dietary L-carnitine in grower diets. In Exp. 1, Ross${\times}$Hubbard Ultra Yield broilers were placed in 48 floor pens (12 birds/pen) and fed common diets to d 14. A two (0 or 50 ppm Lcarnitine) by three (173, 187, and 202 g/kg CP) factorial arrangement of treatments was employed from 15 to 35 d of age (8 replications/treatment). An interaction (p<0.05) in carcass yield indicated that increasing CP (187 g/kg) resulted in improved yield in the presence of L-carnitine. Increasing CP from 173 to 202 g/kg increased (p<0.05) BW gain and decreased (p<0.05) feed conversion and percentage abdominal fat. Feeding dietary L-carnitine increased back-half carcass yield which was attributable to an increase (p<0.05) in thigh, but not drumstick, yield relative to carcass. In Exp. 2, $Ross{\times}Ross$ 708 broilers were fed common diets until 29 d. From 30 to 42 d of age, birds were fed one of seven diets: i) 200 g/kg CP, 0 ppm L-carnitine; ii) 200 g/kg CP, 40 ppm L-carnitine; iii) 180 g/kg CP, 0 ppm L-carnitine; iv) 180 g/kg CP, 10 ppm L-carnitine; v) 180 g/kg CP, 20 ppm L-carnitine; vi) 180 g/kg CP, 30 ppm L-carnitine; and vii) 180 g/kg CP, 40 ppm L-carnitine (6 replications of 12 birds each). BW gain, feed conversion, mortality (30 to 42 d), and carcass traits (42 d) were measured on all birds by pen. There were no treatment differences (p<0.05). However, the addition of 40 ppm L-carnitine in the 200 g CP/kg diet increased (p = 0.06) thigh yields relative to BW in comparison to birds fed diets without L-carnitine, which was further confirmed via a contrast analysis (0 vs. 40 ppm L-carnitine in the 200 and 180 g CP/kg diets; p<0.05). These results indicated that dietary L-carnitine may heighten metabolism in dark meat of commercial broilers resulting in increased relative thigh tissue accretion without compromising breast accretion.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.85-90
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• 1987

고추가루로부터 acetone을 추출용매(抽出溶媒)로 하여 oleoresin을 제조한 후 capsanthin과 capsaicin의 안정성(安定性)을 검토(檢討)하고, oleoresin-linoleate aqueous model system을 이용하여 ascorbic acid, 금속(金屬), 염류(鹽類), EDTA 등을 첨가하여 capsanthin의 변화(變化)를 측정(測定)한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 추출용매(抽出溶媒)로는 acetone이 가장 효과적이었으며, 고추가루로부터 oleoresin의 수율은 14.2%이었다. 2. Capsaicin은 capsanthin에 비하여 고온에서 상당히 안정하였으며 $pH\;3{\sim}8$에서 oleoresin중의 capsanthin과 capsaicin도 비교적(比較的) 안정하였다. 3. Ascorbic acid를 $10^{-3}M$ 첨가시 capsanthin의 산화반응에 prooxidant로서 작용하였으나 $10^{-1}M$ 첨가시에는 antioxidant로서 작용하였다. 4. $Cu^{+2}M$, $Fe^{+3}M$ 이온은 capsanthin의 산화반응(酸化反應)을 촉진시켰으며 농도(濃度)가 높을수록 영향이 컸다. 5. EDTA는 capsanthin에 대하여 항산화(抗酸化) 효과(效果)를 나타내었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.240-254
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• 2019

This study investigated the effect of storage state (chilled state on sous-vide, CS; frozen state without thawing on sous-vide, FS; and frozen/thawed states on sous-vide, TS) and sous-vide cooking temperature ($65^{\circ}C$ and $72^{\circ}C$) on the longissimus dorsi muscle quality of pork. FS showed a higher moisture content than that of CS and TS (p<0.001), whereas both FS and CS showed higher expressible moisture loss than that of TS (p<0.001). FS showed a lower cooking loss (p<0.001) than that of CS and TS. FS and TS exhibited significantly higher lipid oxidation than that of CS. Carbonyl and sulfhydryl content were not significantly affected by the storage treatment. FS and TS exhibited lower shear force than that of CS (p<0.001). FS and TS showed higher springiness than that of CS (p<0.001), FS exhibited lower gumminess than that of CS and TS (p<0.01). Sous-vide treatment at $65^{\circ}C$ exhibited significantly higher moisture content and lower expressible moisture loss, cooking loss, and total and sarcoplasmic protein than those at $72^{\circ}C$. Shear force and springiness of $65^{\circ}C$-treated groups were lower than those of $72^{\circ}C$-treated groups (p<0.01). Cooking temperature significantly influenced overall acceptability, whereas the storage state did not affect the overall acceptability. These results indicated that meat quality might be improved upon cooking from the frozen or frozen/thawed state using sous-vide when compared with traditional processing.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1355-1362
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• 2010

This study was carried out in order to observe how the bay sediment would be changed with microbial treatments and a chemical oxidant like $CaO_2$. The sediment during the treatments was analyzed in terms of pH, ORP, volatile organics content, COD, AVS, T-N, and T-P. With $CaO_2$ treatment, pH was kept over 9.66 and ORP ranged from +4.70~+46.0, which meant an aerobic state meanwhile with the microbial treatment those were worse. In addition the chemical treatment showed better environmental index values than the microbial one: volatile organics content and COD values in the former were 12.9% and 37.9% while those in the latter were 4.5% and 18.7%, respectively. AVS and T-P were 71.1% and 100% versus 56.5% and 85.8%, respectively. However, the microbial treatment was better for T-N(66% higher). On the other hand, both treatment at a time enhanced all the environmental indices but COD meantime pH and ORP values were lower than with the chemical treatment only. Thus additional input of an oxygen generator like $CaO_2$ could improve the environmental state of a bay sediment where the biological treatment is going on.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.469-478
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• 2016

In this paper, we investigate the effects of pre-reducing Sb-doped $SnO_2$ (ATO) electrodes in viologen-anchored $TiO_2$ (VTO) nanostructure-based electrochromic devices. We find that by pre-reducing an ATO electrode, the operating voltage of a VTO nanostructure-based electrochromic device can be lowered; consequently, such a device can be operated more stably with less hysteresis. Further, we find that a pre-reduction of the ATO electrode does not affect the coloration efficiency of such a device. The aforementioned effects of a pre-reduction are attributed to the fact that a pre-reduced ATO electrode is more compatible with a VTO nanostructure-based electrochromic device than a non-pre-reduced ATO electrode, because of the initial oxidized state of the other electrode of the device, that is, a VTO nanostructure-based electrode. The oxidation state of a pre-reduced ATO electrode plays a very important role in the operation of a VTO nanostructure-based electrochromic device because it strongly influences charge movement during electrochromic switching.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.79-85
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• 2015

RC delay is a critical issue for achieving high performance of ULSI devices. In order to minimize the RC delay time, we uses the CMP process to introduce high-conductivity Cu and low-k materials on the damascene. The low-k materials are generally soft and fragile, resulting in structure collapse during the conventional high-pressure CMP process. One troubleshooting method is electrochemical mechanical polishing (ECMP) which has the advantages of high removal rate, and low polishing pressure, resulting in a well-polished surface because of high removal rate, low polishing pressure, and well-polished surface, due to the electrochemical acceleration of the copper dissolution. This study analyzes an electrochemical state (active, passive, transpassive state) on a potentiodynamic curve using a three-electrode cell consisting of a working electrode (WE), counter electrode (CE), and reference electrode (RE) in a potentiostat to verify an electrochemical removal mechanism. This study also tries to find optimum conditions for ECMP through experimentation. Furthermore, during the low-pressure ECMP process, we investigate the effect of current density on surface roughness and removal rate through anodic oxidation, dissolution, and reaction with a chelating agent. In addition, according to the Faraday’s law, as the current density increases, the amount of oxidized and dissolved copper increases. Finally, we confirm that the surface roughness improves with polishing time, and the current decreases in this process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2003

In 1957, Schwarz and Foltz discovered that selenium (Se) was an essential trace mineral and nutritionists then started extensive studies to figure out the metabolic function of this element which has been called as toxic mineral. The discovery that glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) contained Se demonstrated a biochemical role for Se as an essential trace element. The major physiological function of Se containing GSH-Px is thought to maintain low levels of $H_2O_2$ and other hydroperoxides in the cell to prevent tissues from peroxidation damages. It is known that the GSH-Px activity is increased when animals were fed high dietary levels of Se. Chemical properties of Se have much in common with sulfur (S) therefore Se would follow the sulfur pathways in its metabolism in animal body. Two sources of Se are available for supplementation of Se in animal feed. Inorganic Se can also exist in selenide (-2), elemental (0), selenite (+4) and selenate (+6) oxidation state with other minerals. When sulfur in S containing amino acids is replaced by Se, organic Se can be made and named "eleno"prior to the name of S containing amino acid, i.e. selenomethionine. Selenium deficiency affects humans as well as animals and dysfunctions such as exudative diathesis, retained placenta, mastitis, liver necrosis, Keshan disease, numerous diseases and cancer. From several centuries ago, Se toxicity was recognized in various animal species and much of the current toxic Se levels has been established largely based upon the controlled toxicity studies used inorganic Se. Toxic effects of Se in animal result in reduced feed intake, growth retardation, ataxia, diarrhea, alopecia and sloughing of hooves. However, several experiments demonstrated that Se deficiencies or toxicities were varied by dietary Se levels and sources. Recent studies demonstrated that the incidence of colorectal and prostate cancer was reduced by approximately 50% when humans consumed 200 ${\mu}g$ of Se daily.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 1998

본 연구에서는 GaAs의 selenium보호막형성 효과를 관찰하기 위하여 $Na_2$Se/NH$_4$OH 용액을 제조하고 X-선 광전자 분광기(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)와 photoluminescence(PL)를 이용하여 표면처리된 GaAs의 처리직후 및 대기중 노출에 따른 화학적 결합특성 및 광학적 특성을 관찰하였다. 용액처리 직후, 표면에는 As-Se결합이 형성 되었으며 Se는 한가지 산화상태인 -2가로 존재함이 관찰되었다. 또한 세정처리후의 표면보 다 Se용액처리 이후에 PL의 피이크 세기가 크게 증가됨으로부터 Se 용액처리가 GaAs의 표면상태밀도를 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그러나 처리 직후 공기 중 노출없이 관찰한 GaAs표면에서 산화막이 국부적으로 관찰되었으며 이렇게 처리과정중 생성된 산화막은 대기중 노출에 따라 산화막 성장을 유도하고 표면처리 효과를 저하시키는 주요인으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다. 이는 Se용액처리된 GaAs표면의 PL강도가 대기중 노출 에 따라 감소하며 세정처리후 GaAs표면의 PL강도와 유사한 값을 나타냄으로 부터도 확인 할 수 있었다.

• 센서학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 2013

This study proposed a noble process to fabricate TSV (Through Silicon Via) structure which has lower cost, shorter production time, and more simple fabrication process than plating method. In order to produce the via holes, the Si wafer was etched by a DRIE (Deep Reactive Ion Etching) process. The via hole was $100{\mu}m$ in diameter and $400{\mu}m$ in depth. A dielectric layer of $SiO_2$ was formed by thermal oxidation on the front side wafer and via hole side wall. An adhesion layer of Ti and a seed layer of Au were deposited. Soldering process was applied to fill the via holes with solder paste and metal powder. When the solder paste was used as via hole metal line, sintering state and electrical properties were excellent. However, electrical connection was poor due to occurrence of many voids. In the case of metal powder, voids were reduced but sintering state and electrical properties were bad. We tried the via hole filling process by using mixing solder paste and metal powder. As a consequence, it was confirmed that mixing rate of solder paste (4) : metal powder (3) was excellent electrical characteristics.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.547-553
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• 2004

The pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), contained in a number of traditional remedies in Africa and Asia, show wide variations in metabolism between animal species but little work has been done to investigate differences between animal strains. The metabolism of the PA senecionine (SN) in Fischer 344 (F344) rats has been studied in order to compare to that found in the previously investigated Sprague-Dawley (SO) rats (Drug Metab. Dispos. 17: 387, 1989). There was no difference in the formation of ($\pm$) 6,7-dihydro-7-hydroxy-1-hydroxymethyl-5H-pyrrolizine (DHP, bioactivation) by hepatic microsomes from either sex of SO and F344 rats. However, hepatic microsomes from male and female F344 rats had greater activity in the Noxidation (detoxication) of SN by 88% and 180%, respectively, when compared to that of male and female SD rats. Experiments conducted at various pH showed an optimum pH of 8.5, the optimal pH for flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), for SN N-oxidation by hepatic microsomes from F344 females. In F344 males, however, a bimodal pattern was obtained with activity peaks at pH 7.6 and 8.5 reflecting the possible involvement of both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and FMO. Use of specific inhibitors (SKF525A, 1-benzylimidazole and methimazole) showed that the N-oxide of SN was primarily produced by FMO in both sexes of F344 rats. In contrast, SN N-oxide formation is known to be catalyzed mainly by CYP2C11 rather than FMO in SD rats. This study, therefore, demonstrated that there were substantial differences in the formation of SN N-oxide by hepatic microsomes from F344 and SD rats and that this detoxification is catalyzed primarily by two different enzymes in the two rat strains. These findings suggest that significant variations in PA biotransformation can exist between different animal strains.