• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1817-1826
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• 2014

This study investigated lipid profiles and antioxidant capacities of seven Korean rapeseed cultivars (Naehan, Tamla, Mokpo111, Yeongsan, Tammi, Hanla, and Mokpo68). The rapeseeds contained 29.3~33.2% of extracted lipid and major fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids was 2.20~3.68 with the highest in Hanla and lowest in Naehan. Glycolipid ranged from 0.21 g/100 g to 0.47 g/100 g. Phospholipid content was 0.55~1.15 g/100 g with the highest in Tammi and the lowest in Mokpo68, and the most common phospholipid was phosphatidylcholine. Tocopherol content was 9.45~15.11 mg/100 g in the order of ${\gamma}$ > ${\alpha}$ > ${\beta}$ > ${\delta}$-tocopherol, and Naehan contained the highest amount of tocopherols (P<0.05). Total phenol content (TPC) of rapeseed was 314.64~577.08 mg SAE/100 g. Tamla contained the highest TPC, and showed the highest antioxidant activity determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2015

Four halophilic bacteria were isolated from a salt water tank of more than 25% above salinity used for production of salt. HJS1 and HJS6 strains were identified as having ${\beta}$-glucosidase producing capabilities at high salinity. ${\beta}$-Glucosidase produced from these bacterial strains showed the best activity at 56-79 U/ml in NaCl (0-5%), showing the highest ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity at NaCl 3%. A salt tolerant ${\beta}$-glucosidase can maintain at least 75% activity of the enzyme in 0-20% NaCl concentration. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains HJS1 and HJS6 shows 99.8% similarity with Roseivivax roseus $BH87090^T$. Those sequences were registered as AB971835 and AB971836 in the NCBI GenBank. DNA-DNA hybridization test revealed that both strains showed 90.1 to 90.3% hybridization values with R. roseus $BH87090^T$, which was the closest phylogenetic neighbor. Major Cellular fatty acids of strains HJS1 and HJS6 were $C_{16:0}$, $C_{18:1}$ ${\omega}7c$, $C_{19:0}$ cyclo ${\omega}8c$ and 11-methyl $C_{18:1}$ and the major quinone was Q-10. Their fatty acid composition and quinone were very similar to Roseivivax roseus $BH87090^T$. Meanwhile, Roseivivax roseus $BH87090^T$ did not produce any ${\beta}$-glucosidase. Based on the molecular and chemotaxonomic properties, strains HJS1 and HJS6 were identified as members of Roseivivax roseus.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.8.1-8.8
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• 2015

Background: The demand for healthy, lean and consistent meat products containing low saturated fatty acid content and high quality polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long-chain (${\geq}C_{20}$) omega-3 PUFA, has increased in recent times. Fat deposition is altered by both the genetic background and dietary supplements, and this study aimed to assess the effect of dietary Spirulina supplementation levels on the mRNA expression patterns of genes controlling lipid metabolism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and Longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle of Australian crossbred sheep. Methods: Twenty-four weaned lambs belonging to four breeds under the same management conditions were maintained on ryegrass pasture and fed three levels of Spirulina supplement (control, low and high). In terms of nutrient composition, Spirulina is a nutrient-rich supplement that contains all essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It also is a rich source of carotenoids and fatty acids, especially gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) that infer health benefits. After slaughter, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and ld samples were subjected to mRNA extraction and reverse transcription using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the mRNA expression levels of the Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), Adrenergic beta-3 receptor (ADRB3), B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) and Fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes, which are associated with lipid metabolism. Results: Both low and high Spirulina supplementation levels strongly up-regulated the transcription of all the selected genes in both SAT and ld tissues (mostly in the subcutaneous adipose), but sheep breed and sex did not influence the gene expression patterns in these tissues. Conclusions: The evidence indicates that high Spirulina supplementation level resulted in a decrease in intramuscular fat content in Australian purebred and crossbred sheep due to the enhanced production of melatonin in sheep muscle tissues and strong up-regulation of mRNA expression of BTG2 in SAT which negatively affected fat deposition. In contrast, low Spirulina supplementation level strongly up-regulated the ADRB3 and FASN genes responsible for fat production. These findings are consistent with the observed phenotypic data suggesting that low Spirulina supplementation level can increase lamb production, with higher long-chain PUFA content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1379-1384
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• 2007

Four Gram-negative, chemoheterotrophic, non-motile, yellow-colored strains were isolated from the East Sea or from deep-sea sediments of Nankai Trough by standard dilution plating. Characterization by polyphasic approaches indicated that the four strains are members of the same species. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the strains formed a coherent and novel genus-level lineage within the family Flavobacteriaceae. The dominant cellular fatty acids were i-C15:0, 3-OH i-C17:0, and 2-OH i-C15:0 and/or C16:1 ${\omega}7c$. Predominance of 2-OH i-C15:0 and/or C16:1 ${\omega}7c$ clearly differentiated the strains from closely related members. The DNA G+C contents ranged 35.1-36.2 mol%. It is proposed, from the polyphasic evidence, that the strains should be placed into a novel genus and species named Sufflavibacter maritimus gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain $IMCC1001^T(=KCCM\;42359^T=NBRC\;102039^T)$ as the type strain.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.1536-1541
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• 2018

A yellowish, flexirubin-pigment-producing strain $I3-3^T$ was isolated from river water in Iksan, the Republic of Korea. The strain was gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile, showed catalase and oxidase activities, and could grow at a temperature range of $10-35^{\circ}C$, pH 5.0-10 and 0-2.0% (w/v) of NaCl. The major fatty acids were iso-$C_{15:0}$, iso-$C_{17:0}$ 3-OH and summed feature 3 (comprising $C_{16:1}{\omega}7c$ and/or $C_{16:1}{\omega}6c$). The isolate contained phosphatidylethanolamine, one aminolipid, and two unidentified lipids as the major polar lipids. Menaquinone-6 (MK6) was the major respiratory quinone. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain $I3-3^T$ was 35.6%. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence with the sequences of the closely related type strains showed highest sequence similarity of 96.95% and 96.93% to Flavobacterium nitrogenifigens $NXU-44^T$ and Flavobacterium compostarboris $15C3^T$, respectively. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain $I3-3^T$ is considered as a member of novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which Flavobacterium amnigenum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is $I3-3^T$ (=KCTC $52884^T$ =NBRC $112871^T$).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.104-110
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• 1995

Arachidonic acid (AA, C20 : 4, $\omega$-6) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA,C20 : 5, $\omega$-3), which are polyunsaturated fatty acids forming eicosanoids, were tested for their effects on blood pressure in Wistar rats and SHR. AA is the most important precursor for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids which include the prostaglandins, prostacyclin (PGI$_2$), thromboxane $A_2$ (TXA$_2$) and the leukotriens. TXA$_2$is a potent vasoconstrictor and a powerful inducer of platelet aggregation causing myocardial infarction and hypertention. In contrast, PGI$_2$ induces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation. In this study, AA markedly increased blood pressure, but its effect was antagonized by both EPA, a structural analog of AA, and dazmegrel, a TX synthetase inhibitor. Also, AA enhanced the antihypertensive effects of hydralazine and captopril, and EPA reduced TXA$_2$ production. These results indicate that the hypotensive effects of EPA might be closely related to the decrease in TXA$_2$ biosynthesis due to competitive inhibition by structural similarity of the EPA to the AA, the precursor of TXA$_2$.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2016

Omega-3 rich fish oils are extremely labile, thus requiring control of oxidation and off flavor development. A recently proposed emulsification method, layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, was found to be a plausible method to enhance the characteristics of bioactive ingredients, especially lipids. The present work was designed to test the possibility of enhancing the uptake and utilization of omega-3 fatty acids present in fish oil. The bioavailability of nano-emulsified fish oil was monitored in terms of intestinal absorption as well as skin permeability by using the everted intestinal sac model and Franz cell model. The skin permeability and intestinal absorption characteristics was significantly improved by LbL emulsification with lecithin/chitosan/low methoxypectin. Multilayer encapsulation along with nano-emulsification can be a useful method to deliver biologically active lipids and related components, such as fish oil. The protective effect of this tool from lipid oxidation still needs to be verified.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2006

A strictly aerobic, non-motile, ovoid-shaped Alphaproteobacteria, designated strain $JC2049^T$ was isolated from a tidal flat sediment sample. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that this isolate belonged to the genus Thalassobius, with a sequence similarity of 96.9-97.3% to other valid Thalassobius spp. The cells required 1-7% NaCl for growth (optimum 2%) and accumulated $poly-\beta-hydroxybutyrate$. Nitrite was reduced to nitrogen, but nitrate was not reduced to nitrite. No genetic potential for aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis was detected. The primary isoprenoid quinone (Ubiquinone-10), predominant cellular fatty acids $(C_{18:1}{\omega}7c,\;11\;methyl\;C_{18:1}\omega7c\;and\;C_{16:0})$ and DNA G+C content (61 mol %) were all consistent with the assignment of this isolate to the genus Thalassobius. Several phenotypic characteristics clearly distinguished our isolate from other Thalassobius species. The degree of genomic relatedness between strain $JC2049^T$ and other Thalassobius species was in a range of 20-43 %. The polyphasic data presented in this study indicates that our isolate should be classified as a novel species within the genus Thalassobius. The name Thalassobius aestuarii sp. novo is therefore proposed for this isolate; the type strain is $JC2049^T(=IMSNU\;14011^T=KCTC\;12049^T=DSM\;15283^T)$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.1300-1305
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• 2017

A rod shaped, aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, and motile bacterium, strain $AR2^T$, was isolated from a water sample of Yeongsan river, Republic of Korea. Strain $AR2^T$ clustered closely with the members of the genus Chitinimonas and showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Chitinimonas prasina $LY03^T$ (96.4%), Chitinimonas viridis $HMD2169^T$ (96.4%), Chitinimonas taiwanensis $cf^T$ (96.2%), and Chitinimonas koreensis $R2A43-10^T$ (94.2%). The predominant fatty acids of strain $AR2^T$ were identified to be summed feature 3 (comprising $C_{16:1}{\omega}7c$ and/or $C_{16:1}{\omega}6c$), $C_{16:0}$, and $C_{10:0}3-OH$. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine were found to be the major polar lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 60.4 mol%. Based on the polyphasic characterization, the isolated strain $AR2^T$ is described as a representative of a novel species in the genus Chitinimonas, for which the name Chitinimonas naiadis sp. nov. (type strain =$AR2^T$ =KCTC $42755^T$ =JCM $31504^T$) is proposed.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.11-18
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• 2023

Oil was extracted from cashew nuts. The physicochemical parameters of the oil were determined. A chromatographic assay of the oil was carried out using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Seventeen compounds were detected: Phenol, Phenol 2-methyl-, Cyclohexene 4, 4-dimethyl-, m-Fluoro-2-diazoacetophenone 4-dimethyl-, Tetradecanoic acid, Phenol 4-octyl-, n-Hexadecanoic acid. Others are 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) - methyl ester, Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Methyl stearate, Dodecanoic acid methyl ester, 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid methyl ester, 9, 12, 15-Octadecatrienoic acid (Z, Z, Z)-, Oleic acid, Octadecanoic acid, Tetracosanoic acid and 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester. Among the components are omega three and omega six essential free fatty acids. The rheological profiling and flow properties of cashew nut oil were determined using a Programmable Rheometer. Cashew nut oil exhibits slight dilatant behaviour at the low end of shear rate. The long chain and high molecular weight of its constituents controlled its rheology. Long-chained 9-Octadecenoic acid methyl ester, 9, 12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z) - methyl ester, Tetracosanoic acid and methyl stearate, coupled with their high molecular weights are responsible for the shear thickening effect observed. Two models, Carreau-Yasuda and Ostwald-de Waele Power Law were employed to fit the rheological data. The Carreau-Yasuda model followed well the data.