• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.23-30
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• 2014

"Cut off line" in automotive passing beam has very important safety function because it serves for headlamp aiming. Headlights that are aimed incorrectly will not only perform poorly but also offend oncoming traffic. In addition, an objective definition of cut off line in low beam is necessary, since a requirement for correct aiming of the beams is specified within all the existing regulations. Accordingly, headlight regulations are requirements that automobiles must satisfy in order to be sold in a particular country. In this study, a more advanced recognition method for the cut off lines of the various headlamps commonly used in Europe, North America, and domestic is suggested and a headlamp testing system is developed to adjust the beam to the country-specific regulation. This system uses image processing technology to detect the cut off lines in the beam patterns of halogen headlamps, high-intensity discharge headlamps, and light-emitting diode headlamps as well.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.33B no.5
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• pp.127-137
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• 1996

In this paper, an algorithm for on-line rightward japanese parsing is proposed. The ambiguity in on-line parsing is accumulated until the input is completely finished, since there is not a space between words in the japanese sentence. Thus the algorithm for morphological analysis, based on modified chart, is used in solving it. And the number of searching a word in dirctionary for morphological analysis is also a puzzling problem. The japanese sentence, consist of N characters, has logically its maximum number of N(N+1)/2 searches in the ordinary on-line analysis, which is nearly twice as many as normal off-line. In this paper, the matter is settled through the modification of dictionary format. In experiment, we can accomplish the rate of analysis which is nearly equal to that of off-line parsing. And it becomes clear that the longer a sentence is, the better an analysis efficiency is.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.158-176
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the distribution system and the spatial characteristics of sales for the internet shopping mall on the basis of its off-line presence. The distribution system of this internet shopping mall is divided into the goods selection process and the product delivery process to consumers according to the function and role of the distribution center which is performed by cooperative companies. The internet shopping mall uses a different distribution system from the off-line department store, outsourcing the delivery process to door-to-door delivery companies in order to reduce costs and to increase the speed of delivery. Sales in the internet shopping mall are concentrated in the delivery unit area where the main office is located. Accordingly, in the case of the internet shopping mall based on an off-line presence, the mail-order business does not fully overcome the limitations arising from space. Also, the main factors influencing the value of sales, according to the area, are the number of women aged 20 to 49 and the distances involved.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Industry Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.99-104
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• 2009

In this paper, fluorescent lamp on/off control and luminous intensity used an power line communication and remotely will be able to control system design. Embodied the respectively illumination equipment and tools by the network using PLC. In order to remote control and on/off of illumination equipment, luminous intensity composed a server. Will convert a previous analog system with digital system and the possibility witch will reduce an error ratio was. Consequently will be able to simplify a circuit.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2008

Objectives : There may be methodological differences between pencil-and-paper and web-based questionnaires. But there are few reports about influences of that methodological differences. The Aim of this study is investigation of the differences in temperament characteristics in subjects who answered internet addiction questionnaires. Methods : We compare the characteristics between two groups. Four hundred thirty participants(189 males, 241 females) answered the online and offline questionnaires. We controlled sexes, addiction scores and psychiatric treatment histories using general linear model of MANCOVA. Results : There were statistically significant differences in temperament characteristics between two groups. Harm avoidance(HA) and novelty seeking(NS) scores were significantly higher in on-line group than off-line group. Reward dependence(RD) scores were significantly lower in on-line group than off-line group. Conclusion : This study suggested significant differences of temperament characteristics between on-line and off-line subjects. And there have been many studies on equivalence of on-line and off-line survey methods. Further studies on the difference are expected for the understanding of this results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.283-287
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• 1996

The exhaust noise reduction of automobile with the active muffler is experimentally investigated. The control algorithm is the filtered-x LMS algorithm and the inverse algorithm with the adaptive line enhancer. Also, the control efficiency is increased with synthesized second harmonic engine frequency. In the experiment, the active muffler is applied to the end of exhaust system in automobile and the control with on-line secondary path modeling method(inverse algorithm) is compared the control of off-line secondary path modeling method. As secondary path transfer functions are changed, the experimental results show that the control performance with on-line method is more efficient than that with off-line method in the exhaust noise reduction of automobile.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.81-99
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• 2001

The world is now meeting the era of e-commerce by development of information technology and the fast increase of use of internet. So, Korean government prepared "the colligation plan for electronic commerce activating" and WTO decides to prolong no custom on e-commerce till November 2001 when the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference holds a meeting. OECD discussed the construction of intellectual property rights of the global dimension at the Global Forum on January 2001 and reached to research the social influence of B-to-B e-commerce and to pursue the acceleration of e-commerce. UNCITRAL(United Nations Commission on International Trade Law) enacted UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce in order to activate e-commerce, and Bolero.net serves electronic Bill of Lading to facilitate cyber trading. The purpose of this paper is to present the direction of confrontation to the these internal and external changes of business environment to Korean enterprises. Off-line enterprises should move fast to e-commerce on the condition that the existing trading at the original markets runs parallel with e-commerce. n needed, off-line enterprises should consider M&A with existing on-line firms. Also, off-line firms make use of Bolero system so that they can carry through paperless trade which means the achievement of efficiency in trading, On-line enterprises should advertise in the form of banner by combination of push and pull styles. B-to-B e-commerce firms should not depend on only the commissions, but they should create characteristic earnings by their peculiar services.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.66-76
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• 2002

Automated welding and soldering are an important manufacturing issue in order to lower the cost, increase the quality, and avoid labor problems. An off-line programming, OLP, is one of the powerful methods to solve this kind of diversity problem. Unless an OLP system is ready for the path optimization in welding and soldering, the waste of time and cost is unavoidable due to inefficient paths in welding and soldering processes. Therefore, this study attempts to obtain path optimization using a genetic algorithm based on artificial intelligences. The problem of welding path optimization is defined as a conventional TSP (traveling salesman problem), but still paths have to go through welding lines. An improved genetic algorithm was suggested and the problem was formulated as a TSP problem considering the both end points of each welding line read from database files, and then the transit problem of welding line was solved using the improved suggested genetic algorithm.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.455-478
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• 2023

Expectations and interests in blended learning are increasing as universities respond to the educational flow of transition to e-lernring. This study tried to explore and understand the meaning of and the properties of blended instruction. In addition, through the literature review, this study was to find out how bleanded learning affected in teaching and learning situation. Particularly, it was to find out students' preference to the type of blended instruction. Those types are the mixed of or the unique of class instruction(off line), on line, and recorded instruction. To investigate learners' preference to the type of the instruction and also the reason of the preference, in this study, the 27 undergraduate students of the fourth grade in the major of mathematics education in the C university located in G area. By the result, most students preferred the mixed type of instruction involving off line and recorded instruction. The reason is that they could attend to the class while participating in the group activity positively and understand the content through the communication in depth and the instructor's feedback. Because of this reason, they did not prefer to the only one type insturction such as the recorded type.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.774-777
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• 2021

In this paper, we analyzed the gate controllability of 3D NAND Flash Memory with Charge Trap Flash using Ferroelectric (CTF-F) structure. HfO₂, a ferroelectric material, has a high-k characteristic besides polarization. Due to these characteristics, gate controllability is increased in CTF-F structure and on/off current characteristics are improved in Bit Line(BL). As a result of the simulation, in the CTF-F structure, the channel length of String Select Line(SSL) and Ground Select Line(GSL) was 100 nm, which was reduced by 33% compared to the conventional CTF structure, but almost the same off-current characteristics were confirmed. In addition, it was confirmed that the inversion layer was formed stronger in the channel during the program operation, and the current through the BL was increased by about 2 times.