• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.67-73
• /
• 2014

In India, disposal of vegetable market waste along with municipal solid waste in landfills or dumpsites is creating much nuisance in terms of odor nuisance, leachate production, and greenhouse gas emission into the atmosphere. Therefore, vegetable waste with high biodegradable and nutrient content is composted in a 550-L batch scale rotary drum composter to study the degradation process and its compost properties for its potential reuse as high quality compost. A total 150 kg of working volume was fixed for composting studies with two different ratios, trial A (6:3:1) of C/N 24 and trial B (8:1:1) of C/N 30, respectively. A maximum of $63.5^{\circ}C$ and $61.2^{\circ}C$ was observed in trials A and B; an average of $55^{\circ}C$ for more than 5 days, which helped in the degradation of organic matter and reduction of total and fecal coliform. The temperature dropped suddenly after the thermophilic stage in trial B, and leachate was observed due to insufficient amount of bulking agent. Mesophilic bacteria dominated during the initial stages of composting, and reduced considerably during the thermophilic stage. During the thermophilic stage, the rise in spore-forming organisms, including spore-forming bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and streptomycetes, increased and these were predominant until the end of the composting process. By examination, it was observed that moisture and leachate production had adverse effects on the compost parameters with higher loss of micronutrients and heavy metals.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.363-369
• /
• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different sanitizers and contact times on storage quality and microbial growth in fresh-cut broccoli. Fresh broccoli samples were cut into small pieces, washed each for 90 s and 180 s in normal tap water (TW), $100\;{\mu}/l$ chlorinated water (CL, pH 7), electrolyzed water (EW, pH 7.2) containing $100\;{\mu}/l$ free chlorine, or $2\;{\mu}/l$ ozonated water ($O_3$). Then, samples were packaged in 30-${\mu}m$ polyethylene bags and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. No significant differences were observed in gas composition and color parameters ($L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$, and hue angle) among different sanitizers with contact times. No off-odor was detected during the storage. A longer contact time was not effective in reducing microbial population, except with $O_3$ washing. $O_3$ with 90 s was not much effective in reducing microbial population compared with Cl or EW. However, samples washed with $O_3$ for 180 s observed the lowest numbers of total aerobic and coliform plate counts. The result suggested that, a longer contact time of ozone can be used as a potential sanitizer to maintain the microbial quality and safety of fresh-cut broccoli.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제13권6호
• /
• pp.519-525
• /
• 2004

Air pollution from the Daegu industrial complex (Die) in Korea has been a common nuisance and cause of complaints for nearby residents. The current study measured the indoor and outdoor levels of six VOC (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three isomeric xylenes) at two residential areas with a different proximity to the ODIC, plus the ambient levels at two industrial areas within the boundary of the DDIC. The QA/QC program included the range of correlation coefficient (0.94-0.99) for calibration curves, within the permissible range. Toluene was the most abundant VOC in the ambient air both in residential and industrial areas. Both indoor and outdoor air concentrations of all target VOC except benzene were higher in residential area near the DIC compared to that further away from the DIC. Moreover, the ambient air concentrations of all target VOC except benzene for two industrial sites (A and B) were significantly higher than the outdoor or indoor air concentrations in the two residential areas. The findings further suggested that VOC ambient levels measured in a residential area near the DIC be used as a potential indicator of odor-causing unidentified air pollutants transported from the DIC. Moreover, it was found that the elevated ambient toluene levels outweighed the indoor sources with respect to the environmental exposure of residents nearby the DIC. However, in the residential area further away from the DIC, the toluene indoor sources outweighed the outdoor sources.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제32권3호
• /
• pp.440-446
• /
• 2010

Array-based gas sensors now offer the potential of a robust analytical approach to odor measurement for medical use. We are developing a fast reliable method for detection of microbial infection by monitoring the headspace from the infected wound. In this paper, we present initial results obtained from wound-state monitoring for burn patients using an electronic nose incorporating an automated solid-phase microextraction (SPME) desorption system to enable the system to be used for clinical validation. SPME preconcentration is used for sampling of the headspace air and the response of the sensor module to variable concentrations of volatiles emitted from SPME fiber is evaluated. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies prove that living bacteria, the typical infectious agents in clinical practice, can be distinguished from each other by means of a limited set of key volatile products. Principal component analysis results give the first indication that infected patients may be distinguished from uninfected patients. Microbial laboratory analysis using clinical samples verifies the performance of the system.

• 한국항해항만학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.161-166
• /
• 2009

Lactobacillus sp., Acetobacter sp. and yeast were the most dominant organisms in the EM stock culture and subculture product. Lactic acid bacteria and yeast were able to grow in the fermentation process utilizing seawater. EM treatment of higher concentrations using EM stock culture and EM clay balls (1% or 4%) contributed to an early removal of malodor and an increase of DO in the polluted sediments, indicating an odor-removing activity of EM. The EM treatment of higher concentrations (1% or 4%) somewhat appeared to modify the microbial communities within the sediments, which was confirmed by existence of a few unique fragments from the stock culture based on PCR-DGGE. It still remains to be elucidated that EM cultures were directly involved in the malodor removal and potential sediment bioremediation.

• 대한의생명과학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.14-21
• /
• 2020

Quantitative evaluation of the sense of smell is done by the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) test. OERP consists of N1, P1, N2, P2, and P3, of which N1 and P1 latency are known to be affected by the concentration of odor stimuli associated with the pre-sensory phase and P2 and P3 are the stages at which odors are perceived and are known to change by subjective evaluation of the stimulus. The purpose of this study was to clarify the correlation between the expression of OERP and the subjective evaluation of the object on the fragrance stimulus using various fragrances. Therefore, the study examined the relative waveform power ratio, preference for each scent stimulus, and finally the amplitude and latency change of the components of OERP, N1 and P2. In contrast, it was found that the late P2 response waveform was an effective aroma stimulus recognition waveform in OERP compared to the initial response waveforms.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제51권5호
• /
• pp.452-458
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of garlic processed using different heat treatments conditions, which is an effective method for removing the unpleasant odor and taste of raw garlic. The pH and soluble solid content of raw garlic (pH 6.07, $7.7^{\circ}Bx$) were almost equal or slightly higher than that of processed garlic samples (pH 5.06-6.09, $7.1-7.4^{\circ}Bx$). The color of processed garlic was also significantly affected. The amounts of amino acids such as ${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid and few essential amino acids also increased after the thermal treatment of garlic. The antioxidant potentials of red and black garlic were higher than that of raw garlic. The polyphenol content of processed garlic ($38.51-81.51{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalent/g sample) was significantly higher than that of raw garlic ($30.66{\mu}g$ gallic acid equivalent/g sample). These results indicated that heat treatment for different durations under a controlled environment enhanced the nutritional and functional properties of garlic.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권8호
• /
• pp.1007-1012
• /
• 2010

The aim of the present study was to describe whether abnormal cervical mucus discharge (A-CMD) or pathogens in cervical mucus discharge (CMD) have effects on reproductive performance of cows and heifers in estrus. Animals having clear discharges (68 cows, 38 heifers) with normal viscosity and without bad odor were grouped as normal cervical mucous discharge (N-CMD) group. The other animals (84 cows, 32 heifers) were grouped as A-CMD group. Microorganisms isolated from samples were divided into three groups as uterine pathogens (UP), potential uterine pathogens (PUP) or opportunistic uterine pathogens (OUP). Presence of PUP was associated with A-CMD for both cows (p<0.01) and heifers (p<0.02). First service conception rates (FS-CR) were lower in cows positive for PUP (p<0.01). Moreover, presence of PUP and OUP affected FS-CR in heifers (p<0.01). Although A-CMD significantly affected FS-CR in cows (p<0.04), it did not affect FS-CR in heifers. Differences in average open day for cows (p<0.02) and first service age for heifers (p<0.01) were significant between N-CMD and A-CMD groups, respectively. The current study suggested that CMD should be evaluated more carefully when there are infertility problems. In addition to the known microorganism that causes sterility and infertility in the UP group, pathogens in the PUP group should be considered for their potential to cause infertility.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제54권3호
• /
• pp.191-198
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential use of a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma system to improve microbial safety of sliced cheese. The atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) effect on visual appearance and a sensory evaluation were also carried out. The number of Escherichia coli inoculated on cheese slices decreased by 0.09, 0.47, 1.16 and 1.47 log cycles with helium (4 liters/min [lpm]) and 0.05, 0.87, 1.89 and 1.98 log cycles with He/$O_2$ mixture (4 lpm/15 standard cubic centimeters per minute), after being treated with plasma for 1, 5, 10, and 15 min, respectively. Significant reductions were also observed in Staphylococcus aureus inoculated onto cheese slices ranging from 0.05 to 0.45 log cycles with He and from 0.08 to 0.91 log cycles with He/$O_2$-treated samples, respectively. Adding oxygen resulted in a significant increase in inactivation of both pathogens. No visible change in the plasma-treated cheese slices was observed even though the instrumental analysis showed a significant decrease in the $L^*$-value and an increase in the $b^*$-value. The cheese slices were damaged after 10 and 15 min of plasma treatment. In addition, significant reductions in sensory quality including flavor, odor, and acceptability of plasma-treated cheese slices were observed. The results indicate that the DBD plasma system has potential for use in sanitizing food products, although the effect was limited. Further development of the APP system is necessary for industrial use.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
• /
• 제47권1호
• /
• pp.116-124
• /
• 2019

The rapid development of the poultry industry has led to the production of large amounts of manure, which produce substances like hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$) that contribute to odor pollution. $H_2S$ is a highly undesirable gas component and its removal from the environment is therefore necessary. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are widely known to remove contaminating $H_2S$ due to their ability to oxidize reduced sulfur compounds. In this study, three potential SOB (designated AH18, AH25, and AH28) that were previously isolated from a hot spring in Malaysia were identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Laboratory-scale biological deodorization experiments were conducted to test the performance of the three isolates-in the form of pure or mixed cultures, with the cells immobilized onto alginate as a carrier-in reducing the $H_2S$ from chicken manure. On the basis of 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis, isolate AH18 was identified as Pseudomonas sp., whereas isolates AH25 and AH28 were identified as Achromobacter sp. The most active deodorizing isolate was AH18, with an $H_2S$ reduction rate of 74.7% (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the reduction rates for isolates AH25 and AH28 were 54.2% and 60.8% (p > 0.05), respectively. However, the $H_2S$ removal performance was enhanced in the mixed culture, with a reduction rate of 81.9% (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the three potential SOB isolates were capable of reducing the $H_2S$ from chicken manure in the form of a pure culture immobilized on alginate, and the reduction performance was enhanced in the mixed culture.