• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.388-394
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• 2009

The cytokines which is produced by allergen-specific T helper (Th) cells play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of asthma. Asthma is caused by exaggerated T-helper 2 (Th2)-based immune responses. It is suggested that controlling such Th2-based response is necessary for asthma therapy. The current therapies for asthma focus primarily on control of symptoms and suppression of inflammation, without affecting the underlying cause. So, we examined that anti-asthmatic drugs might have play a certain role in Th2/Th1 balance. Splenocytes isolated from ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice cultured with anti-asthmatic drugs. It is well known that Th2 and Th1 immune responses can balance one another, as Th2 mediators suppress Th1 responses and Th1 mediators similarly inhibit Th2 responses. But salmeterol inhibits both of Th1 and Th2 mediators, which salmeterol is a suppressor of immune responses not only a suppressor of Th2-based immune responses. Aminophylline is a weak suppressor of immune responses. But ipratropium and cromoglycate don't have any suppressor effect to Th2-driven responses. They only have suppressor effect to Th1 immune responses. Salmeterol, ipratropium, aminophylline, and cromoglycate augmented mRNA levels of CRTH2, EP2, and IP2 receptors in OVA-sensitized splenocytes. It is well known that the up-regulation of CRTH2 - $PGD_2$ receptor - results in restraint of eosinophil recruitment and that the increment of IP and EP2 - $PGI_2$ and $PGE_2$ receptor, respectively - may induce the accumulation of cAMP that decrease the effector function of T cells. Moreover salmeterol and cromoglycate increase the mRNA expression of $PGD_2$ synthase. These findings indicate that anti-asthma agents may alleviate the immunological responses that cause the asthmatic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1990

These experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of cumulus cells for in vitro fertilization and development of bovine follicular oocytes matured in vitro. The bovine ovaries were obtained at a slaughter house and the follicular oocytes surrounded by cumulus cells were collected by puncturing follicles with 2~6 mm of diameter. Bovine oocytes were matured in vitro for 24~26 hours in a CO2 incubator with 5% CO2 in air at 39$^{\circ}C$. The medium used for maturation was TCM-199 supplemented with hormones, pyruvate, FCS and antibiotics. Epididymal spermatozoa were capacitated by in vitro culture for 2~3 hours in BO solution containing BSA(5mg/ml) and caffeine(2.5mM). Insemination was made by introducing about 10~15 matured oocytes into the suspension of capacitated spermatozoa. Six hour after insemination the eggs were transferred to TCM-199 supplemented with FCS(10%) and HEPES(25mM), cultured for 7~8 days with 10~15 eggs/well in 4-well multidishes(Nunc Co.) forming cumulus cell monolayer. The results obtained in these experiments were summarized as follows ; 1. The majority of the follicular oocytes with compacted cumulus cells existed in GV stage while those with dispersed or denuded cumulus cells existed GVBD and M II stage. 2. After 24~26 hours maturation, the maturation rates of the follicular oocytes cultured in TCM-199 containing hormones were slightly higher than those of oocytes cultured in medium without hormones, and the frequency of cumulus compacted or denuded oocytes reaching M II stage cultured in medium containing hormones was 75.7% or 51.7%, respectively(P<0.05). 3. After 20 hours in vitro insemination, percentages of ova fertilized were 61.4% or 51.4%, respectively, for cumulus oophorus intacted or removed, and increased frequency of ova with both male and female pronuclei was found when cumuli were present(P<0.05). 4. The rates of embryos developed to 2-, 4-, 8-, 16-cell and morula or blastocyst stage after cocultured with cumulus cells were 65.0%, 45.3%, 34.7%, 28.0% and 22.7%, respectively. The results for momla or blastocyst stage were significantly higher than those of the embryos cultured in the basic medium(P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.379-384
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• 1997

Superovulation with exogenous gonadotropins creates a spectrum of pre or periovulatory hormonal changes with subsequent detrimental effects on oocyte quality, fertilization, embryo development, implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Our recent study determined potential roles for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in uterine environment regulation and preimplant tation in the rat. The evidence indicates that IGF-l may play an important role in the main tenance of a receptive uterine environment for embryonic development and the regulation of decidualization. Embryonic loss and failure of implantations following superovulation may be partially attributed to disturbances in uterine IGF-l action as observed in this study. We investigated the effects of superovulatory doses of gonadotropins on frequency of chromosomal a abnormalities of mouse embryos. Chromosome a analysis of mouse zygotes and 8- to 16-cell stage embryos from spontaneously ovulated, 5, 10, and l 15 lU pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) superovulated mice was carried out. Aneuploidy, polyploidy and structural chrom- osomal abnormalities were detected among the four groups. However, only polyploidy was correlated with superovulation. In 10 and 15 IV PMSG treated groups, the rate of polypoidy was 2.9% and 10.5%, respectively. Furthermore, there was a dose reponse relationship between the PMSG dose and the incidence of embryonic p polyploidy (P

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.178-183
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• 2015

Dendritic cells play an important role in determining whether na${\ddot{i}}$ve T cells mature into either Th1 or Th2 cells. We determined whether heat-shock protein X (HspX) purified from Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulates the Th1/Th2 immune response in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of asthma. HspX increased interferon-gamma, IL-17A, -12 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}$ production and T-bet gene expression but reduced IL-13 production and GATA-3 gene expression. HspX also inhibited asthmatic reactions as demonstrated by an increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissues, airway luminal narrowing, and airway hyper-responsiveness. Furthermore, HspX enhanced OVA-induced decrease of regulatory T cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes. This study provides evidence that HspX plays critical roles in the amelioration of asthmatic inflammation in mice. These findings provide new insights into the immunotherapeutic role of HspX with respect to its effects on a murine model of asthma.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1990

Status of intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections was surveyed in mestizo population living in rural parish of Palmar and its nearby recintos(villages) , Three of the surveyed villages were at the Pacific coast and 5 villages were in inner pasture land, located about 100 km west of Guayaquil, the second largest city in Ecuador. One stool sample was examined by one cellophane thick smear for helminth ova and one direct smear stained with Lugol's iodine solution for protozoan cysts. Of 325 persons examined, 66.1% were positive for any ova or cyst. The positive rates were: 18.1% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 19.4% for Trichuris trichiura, 0.6% for hookworm, 3.7% for Hyntenolepis nana, 1.8% for Taenia sp., 19.4% for Entnmoeba histolytica, 28.6% for Entamoeba coli, 5.5% for Endolimax nasa, 1.5% for ledamoeba buetschlii, 11.l% for eiardia lamblia and 0.6% for Chilomastix mesnili. Poor supply of potable water was considered the main cause of high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1085-1091
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• 2004

Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi- Tang extracts is a traditional oriental medicine in a mixture type exhibiting strong anti-bacterial, analgesic, and chemopreventive activities. In this study, we have evaluated effects of the total and polysaccharide fraction of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi- Tang extracts on the T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and induction of IL-2 receptor and MHC class n. For this experiment, we established CD4$^{＋}$ CD8$^{[-10]}$ T cell line producing IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ when stimulated with ovalbumin antigen in the presence of antigen presenting cells. The significant effect of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang on antigen-induced T cell proliferation in the presence of antigen presenting cells was observed. The proliferation and IFN-${\gamma}$ production of T cells was increased in a dose dependent manner, and expression of IL-2 receptor on T cells and MHC class n molecule on antigen presenting cells was also induced in the presence of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang polysaccharide fraction. It was demonstrated that polysaccharide fraction of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang stimulates the antigen-induced T cell proliferation and the production of IFN-${\gamma}$ possibly through the increase of IL-2 receptor and MHC class n expression. Therefore Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang can be regarded as a natural and useful immunomodulator having a relatively nonotoxic property. Further studies are needed to better characterize the nature of Bu-Zhong- Yi-Qi-Tang extract.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 1990

The employees at the Pohang industrial area, where Clonarchis sinensis has been known to be endemic along the Hyungsan River, were examined parasitologically for clonorchiasis and a part of the infected cases were surveyed with a questionaire to outline the recent infection status of C. sinensis and epidemiological parameters in the area. Total of 3, 180 cases were tested by intra- dermal inoculation of C. sinensis antigen (Green Cross Co., Korea), and 834(26.2%) were found positive. Out of the positive cases, 598 were subjected to (ecal examination for helminth ova. The examination revealed 129(21.6%) ova Positive cases of C. sinensis, and Trichuris trichiura 1.7%, Ascaris lumbricoides 0.3%, and Metagonimus yokogawai 0.2%. The questionaire analysis showed some significant difFerences between the infected and non-infected(control) groups. The infected cases were less educated than the control, and they lived at the closer area to the river, and most of them lived there over 20 years. Also they preferred eating raw fresh water fish. Most of the detected cases were treated with prasiquantel and found negative for the eggs in 85.3% of them 1 year after the treatment. The present data reveal markedly decreased endemicity of clonorchiasis compared with previous prevalence rates but still clonorchiasis is endemic in the Hyungsan river basin. A comprehensive measure including case detection, treatment and education for parasite control should be applied to control clonorchiasis in such endemic areas.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 1989

In order to determine the sex of preimplantation embryos prior to transfer in cattle, a series of experiments were carried out using 45 Holstein donor cows to examine the ovarian response on the gonadotropin and PGF2${\alpha}$, and the morphology of fresh embryos or frozen/thawed embryos after deep freezing at -196$^{\circ}C$. The sexing of embryos treated with the medium containing H-Y antiserum(10%, v/v) and FITC anti-mouse IgG(10%, v/v) were analysed by chromosomal analysis, and the sex of the embryos which survived were ascertain after delivering the pups. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The average number of developed follicle and corpus luteum per cow were 13.5 and 8.1, and the ovalation rate was 60.1%. 2. Of 220-ova recovered, 75(34.1%) were morula and 91(41.4%) were blastocyst, and the morphological normal and abnormal rate of ova recovered were 75.5% and 24.5%, respectively. 3. Of 39 frozen/thawed embryos, the scores of normal morula and blastocyst, after thawing were 79.2%(19/24) and 73.3%(11/15). The average rate of frozen/thawed embryos which appeared morphologically normal post thawing was 76.9%(30/39). 4. The sex ratio was measured using the embryos treated with immunofluorescence assay to examine the relationship between embryo developmental stage, sex ratio of morula stage embryo was 42.2%(19/45) fluorescing and 57.8%(26/45) non-fluorescing, on the other hand, the ratio switched to 46.8%(29/62) fluorescing and 53.2%(33/62) non-fluorescing embryo in blastocyst stage. The sex ratio was also measured between fresh and frozen/thawed embryos, fresh and frozen/thawed treated embryos were indicated 45.8%(38/83) fluorescing, 54.2%(45/83) non-fluorescing and 41.7%(10/24) fluorescing, 58.3%(14/24) non-fluorescing. This trend indicated the approximal sex ratio was 1 : 1. 5. The result of karyotype test showed the successful rate of sexing embryo is fluorescing and non-fluorescing was 21.2%(7/33) and 29.6%(8/27). The female to male ratio within 33 fluorescing was 28.6 : 71.4, and the ratio of 27 non-fluorescing embryos was 87.7 : 12.5. 6. Of the embryo transferred after assignment of H-Y phenotype, five of the fluorescing embryos survived to term, all was males. Whereas six non-fluorescing embryos also survived to term and the sexes of the calves were 1 male 5 female.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.46-58
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate intestinal immune system activation and anti-metastatic effect on cancer cells by orally administered extracts of Boyanghwano-tang. Methods: To observe immunomodulating effects of Boyanghwano-tang on Peyer's patch cells, we measured cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4. In addition to observing effects of Boyanghwano-tang on hematopoiesis, we measured proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells in vitro. IgA induction activated in intestinal content and serum was measured to observe the effect of orally administered Boyanghwano-tang on mucosal immune system. After administering ovalbumin (OVA) with Boyanghwano-tang, Proliferation of Peyer's patch cell was measured to investigate gut immunostimulatory effect. Anti-metastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell. Results: The amounts of GM-CSF and IL-4 in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells were significantly increased compared to the control group. The proliferation of bone marrow cell was significantly up-regualted with Boyanghwano-tang. These results indicate that oral administration of Boyanghwano-tang enhances the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-4 from Peyer's patch cells, and these cytokines also act on modulator of bone marrow cell proliferation. After orally administering OVA with Boyanghwano-tang, IgA induction and Proliferation of peyer's patch cell was up-regulated with Boyanghwano-tang. These results means orally administered Boyanghwano-tang activates intestinal immune system and has an inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis. In addition, We found that orally administered Boyanghwano-tang significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. Conclusions: Orally administered Boyanghwano-tang appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of immune system.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.34-45
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate intestinal immune system activation and antimetastatic effect of Ojeok-san on cancer cells by oral administration. Methods: Cell viability of Ojeok-san was tested with colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cells and Peyer's patch cells in vitro. Antimetastatic experiments were conducted in vivo mouse model by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell. To observe immunomodulating effects of Ojeok-san on Peyer's patch cells, we measured interleukin (IL)-4, GM-CSF. In addition to observing effects of Ojeok-san on hematopoiesis, we measured proliferation of bone marrow cells mediated by Peyer's patch cells in vitro. IgA induction activated in serum and intestinal content was measured to observe the effect of orally administered Ojeok-san on mucosal immune system. After administering Ovalbumin (OVA) with Ojeok-san, Proliferation of Peyer's patch cell was measured to investigate gut immunostimulatory effect. Results: in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, the inhibitory concentration $(IC)_{50}$ of the colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell was $890{\mu}g/ml$. $IC_{50}$ of the Peyer's patch cells with LPS was $990{\mu}g/ml$. We found that orally administered Ojeok-san significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. In addition, the amounts of IL-4 and GM-CSF in the culture supernatant of Peyer's patch cells were significantly increased compared to the control group. The proliferation of bone marrow cell was significantly up-regulated with Ojeok-san. These results indicate that oral administration of Ojeok-san enhances the secretion of hematopoietic growth factors such as GM-CSF and IL-4 from Peyer's patch cells, and these cytokines also act on modulator of bone marrow cell proliferation. After orally administering Ovalbumin (OVA) with Ojeok-san, IgA induction and Proliferation of peyer's patch cell was up-regulated with Ojeok-san. These results means orally administered Ojeok-san activates intestinal immune system and has an inhibitory effect on tumor metastasis. Conclusions: Orally administered Ojeok-san appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of immune system.