• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.135-168
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• 2006

This study reviewed pension reform's overall characteristic and(anticipated) positive negative effect in OECD countries's and then analysed middle-old age's retirement transition and determinants of full/gradual retirement through the $3{\sim}7th$ Korea Labor and Income Panel considering that Korea has been aging society quickly and it is necessary to suggest not only solution of early retirement and working age reduction but also pension reform. As a result of this study, about 1/4 of 50 years and older have been continuing to work through various pathways after retirement and 98% among fully retired older who passed by re-employment step of occupational status including retirement are still searching for jobs. This showed that it is also inappropriate to typical retirement concept itself on the lines of labour market participation in Korea and part-time/temporary work or self-employment have been used by means of alternatives of maintaining works for middle-old ages. However, the duration of changed occupational status of gradual retirees is mostly only $1{\sim}2$ years. Therefore it is necessary to support the gradual retirement to minimize a term of income insecurity and promote the work of the old ages who have will and capacity of work. Most of all, partial pension system which is main program of gradual retirement, should make the rules that beneficiaries are those who age less than pensionable age and benefit levels should be actuarial fairness together with pension system and provide substantial help. But, the introduction of partial pension system is not the only way to solve and needs overall social economic approach. Especially guarantee the increase of quantitative qualitative employment for middle-old ages linking labor market policy and supporting gradual retirement not ought to be abused to force the part time works and early retirement route against their own will.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.137-159
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• 2017

This study divides manufacturing in 18 countries including Korea, China, Japan and OECD countries into 11 areas and estimates and compares the technological efficiency of each industry. The traditional view of productivity is to increase production capacity through technological innovation or process innovation, but it is also influenced by the technological efficiency of production process. A Stochastic Frontier Production Model (SFM) is a representative method for estimating the technical efficiency of such production. First, as a result of estimating the production function by setting the output variable as total output or value-added, in both cases, the output increased significantly in all manufacturing sectors as inputs of labor, capital, and intermediate increased. On the other hand, R&D investment has a large impact on output in chemical, electronics, and machinery industries. Next, as a result of estimating the technological efficiency through the production function, when the total output is set as the output variable, the overall average of each sector is 0.8 or more, showing mostly high efficiency. However, when value-added was set, Japan had the highest level in most manufacturing sectors, while other countries were lower than the efficiency of the total output. Comparing the three countries of Korea, China and Japan, Japan showed the highest efficiency in most manufacturing sectors, and Korea was about half or one third of Japan and China was lower than Korea. However, in the food and electronics sectors, China is higher than Korea, indicating that China's production efficiency has greatly improved. As such, Korea is not able to narrow its gap with Japan relatively faster than China's rapid growth. Therefore, various policy supports are needed to promote technology development. In addition, in order to improve manufacturing productivity, it is necessary to shift to an economic structure that can raise technological efficiency as well as technology development.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.34
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• pp.327-337
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• 2018

Korea is rapidly becoming an aging society as much as it takes the first place among OECD countries, and as the life expectancy of Korea gradually increases, the proportion of the elders in society increases. Accordingly, the happiness of the elders is contributed to the overall social atmosphere and happiness, however, the lower quality of life of the elders due to physical, psychological and social changes can be developed into social problems such as depression and rising suicide rate. As a result, there is a social interest in improving the quality of life and satisfaction of the elders, and the senior citizen center is receiving renewed attention as a form of welfare facility that can play a pivotal role in the social activities of the elders. In recent years, efforts to improve the environment of the senior citizen center have been made due to the growing role of it, however, there is a controversy over whether the quality of the indoor environment is user-friendly or not due to the limitations of material resources and human resources. It is considered that the quality of the color environment should be improved in the senior citizen center in the way that the color environment is not only an indoor environmental factor which gives high psychological and mental effects to users but also a way to improve the environmental satisfaction at the lowest cost. Previous studies on the facilities related to the elders have been actively carried out, but they were very sporadic and there was very little information about the color environment in the related laws or in the guideline presented by cities. It is necessary to integrate guidelines that are scattered within a comprehensive range without any specific target in order to grasp the current status of the color environment and to properly evaluate it. In addition, considering that the senior citizen center is an important leisure facility for the elders that functions in a residential area with a nationwide network, the results of this study are expected to contribute to the environmental improvement of existing senior citizen center which will be activated in the future by enabling the improvement of psychological satisfaction of the elders.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.29
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• pp.319-331
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• 2017

South Korea has entered the age of aging society since the elderly population over 65 reached 13.1% in 2015. This increase rate is the fastest in the OECD members. as a part of the precaution, the Korean government has enforced the long term care insurance from July 2008 and the increase of related nursing homes until 2015 was 220.2% which is rapid and quantitative. It was natural that quantitative expansion leads to qualitative improvement. With regard to service environment conditions, color environment draws attention as one of the most effective measures. color environment supports nursing home's spatial functions and the aged class is subject to the research as the potential customers. This study aims to understand color environment, conduct surveys for color preference and attitude toward color environment, and suggest directions for color environment plan. The ultimate goal is to improve the quality of Korean nursing home environment. It studied definition, state, color environment and space functions of nursing homes as well as the preceding researches. With 100 people over 60s in Busan and Gyeongnam area (52 male and 48 female), the survey examined attitudes for color environment and color preference by space functions in nursing home. The research method is as follows. First, as a result of the consciousness survey on color environment in elderly nursing home, it considers service (37%), medical service (20%), and location (19%) heavily in order. color environment plan is not recognized significantly. However, the need of indoor color plan in the elderly nursing homes has "agree (32%) and "strongly agree (25%), which suggests that color introduction is required to the nursing homes. Second, the indoor coloration for the elderly nursing homes has various color preferences. The color preference order for bedroom was R, P, and G but this order changes in nursing space (program room) to G, R, and Y. The communal space such as lobby prefers R, G and Y in order. R color was preferred in general.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of oral health care including some of dental caries activity test on dental clinics of regular visiting on primary school children. The dental surveys and initial caries control and some of dental caries activity test (Alban's, Lactobacillius, S'mutans, un-stimulation saliva test)were performed by trained dental hygienists with dentist from on 6 to 13 years old patients of S dental hospital in Gwangju Metropolitan Cities. The sample size of 39 children (18 in oral health care group, 21 in control group ) and accepted to their parents. The results of caries activity test score(Alban's and Lactobacillius test)were reduced 1.4 to 1.6 times in oral health care group(OHCG). Oral Hygiene Simplified Index of OHCG was reduced 1.6 times during six months and 1 year. DMFT index of OHCG was reduced 1.4 times more than Control Group(CG) after 1 year. DT index of OHCG was reduced 12 times more than Control Group(CG) after 1 year. Dental health capacity of the first perment molar of OHCG was reduced 1.02 times more than CG after 1 year. From the above results, long life related incremental oral health care system has reinforced to primary school children in dental clinic with oral health professional teams.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.359-366
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• 2014

For an efficient and reasonable management scheme for protecting the soil environment, a soil ecological risk assessment (ERA) method should be developed prior to utilization, based on the contemporary uses and situations of each country. The Korean environmental policy focusing on soil protection is currently accelerating the development of the soil ecological risk assessment method. The soil ERA requires toxicological data on various trophic levels in the soil environment, and ultimately uses PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration), which is derived from collected toxicological data. Therefore, test species that are used to generate toxicity data are essential for conducting reliable ERA. This study aimed to select domestic test species for potential use in a reliable Korean ERA. Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni) were identified as target substances, with toxicity data (Cu, Ni) and standard test methods being collected to determine candidate species. The candidate species were first classified by soil trophic level, and then sorted into final domestic species. Forty out of 166 domestic species were determined as potential standard test species, whereas 17 out of 120 species were determined as potential Cu and Ni test species. Finally, this study presented potential soil test species based on the characteristics of the domestic soil environment, and established a preliminary step toward developing a reliable Korean soil ERA method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2007

Vehicle inspection is a system to help all vehicles function safely through periodic maintenance. Vehicle inspections have been performed since 1962 in Korea by the government in order to reduce traffic accidents due to vehicle defects. Also, vehicle inspections may help protect citizens against uninsured vehicles and illegal vehicle remodeling by discovering and disclosing those vehicles. The prime objective of vehicle inspection is to guarantee all vehicles drive safely on the road by inspecting and fixing items which can affect traffic accidents. In addition, vehicle inspections may help to improve the public order related to vehicle operations and prevent crime through the confirmation of vehicle identity and authentication of ownership. Although there are many benefits of vehicle inspection. there are some negative opinions of the system. In this study, a methodology to analyze the effectiveness of the vehicle inspection system quantitatively in terms of traffic safety was developed. According to the developed methodology. accidents were reduced by 23.735, which is 11% of the total number of accidents in 2005.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.349-354
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the newly-developed $Qraypen^{TM}$ (All In One Bio, Korea) system for the diagnosis of early proximal caries by comparing it with the conventional methods of visual inspection and periapical radiography. This study was carried out from July 2015 to April 2016 targeting 32 children aged 7~12 years who visited Y-Dental Clinic for school oral health examinations. Two investigators selected and examined a total of 153 primary molars that had not undergone restorative treatment. Comparisons were carried out between visual inspections, readings of posterior periapical radiography images, and readings of $Qraypen^{TM}$ images. This study revealed that the percentage of interproximal surfaces of primary molar teeth without caries incidence was 83.7% using $Qraypen^{TM}$ imaging and 84.9% using visual inspection and periapical radiography. The differences between the two methods were not statistically significant. Thus, $Qraypen^{TM}$ is expected to be a useful and convenient auxiliary diagnostic device that can facilitate the detection of hidden proximal caries in primary molars.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2014

Despite Korea forest take 63.7% of the nation's territory, productivity of domestic structural lumber is low. Studies of domestic small lumbers need to be improved domestic structural timber productivity. In this study, small diameter lumber and finger joint small diameter lumber took bending test to calculate MOE and MOR. MOE of small diameter lumber was $9.3kN/mm^2$ and MOE of finger joint small diameter lumber was $15.4kN/mm^2$. Allowable standard bending stress of small diameter lumber and finger joint small diameter lumber was calculated according to ASTM D 2915. Standard allowable bending stress of small diameter lumber was $12N/mm^2$ and standard allowable bending stress of finger joint small diameter lumber was $11N/mm^2$. Standard allowable bending stress of finger joint small diameter lumber should be considered to design structural beam members.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.398-398
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• 2018

OECD 발표에 의하면 물산업 관련 인프라 투자 전망은 전세계 GDP 대비 2010~2020년 약 1.01%에서 2020~2030년 약 1.03%로 확대될 전망으로 다른 통신, 전력, 철도 인프라 투자수요보다 많을 것으로 전망하고 있다(파이넨셜 뉴스, 2013.3.21.). 우리나라는 2005년 베트남 홍강종합개발사업을 시작으로 2015년 기준으로 세계 35개국에 진출하고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 물 산업 진출 대상 국가는 미계측 유역이 많고 지상에서 계측된 수문 자료가 부족한 실정이다. Namgung and Lee(2014)에 의하면 네팔의 수력발전소 건설에 관측된 강우량 자료가 없어 발전소 하류 10km 지점의 유하량 자료를 이용하여 자료의 정확도 검증을 대신하여 적용한 바 있다. 이와 같이 계측자료가 없거나 부족한 지역에 대하여 기상 위성을 이용하여 추정된 강수량 자료가 해당 지역의 강수 특성을 파악하는데 중요한 자료로 이용될 수 있다. 글로벌 위성 기반의 강수량 관측에 대한 역사는 1979년에 IR방법에 의해 위성으로부터 강우자료를 유도하는 개념이 도입된 이후 1987년 다중 채널의 마이크로파(MW) 복사계를 이용한 방법, 이후 두 IR과 MW를 혼합한 방법에서, 1997년 TRMM위성의 PR(Precpipitation Radar)의 레이더를 이용하는 방법, 그리고 2014년 GPM 핵심 위성(GPM Core Observatory)에 탑재된 Dual PR에 의한 방법으로 위성강수의 정확도를 매우 높여가고 있다. 본 연구는 KOICA 사업으로 진행중인 필리핀 메트로 마닐라 홍수조기경보 및 모니터링 체계 구축사업 중 파시그-마라키나강(Pasig-Marakina) 유역의 2012년 8월의 홍수사상에 대한 위성강우 및 글로벌 지형자료를 이용하여 홍수 유출량을 추정하는 것으로 목적으로 하고 있다. 유역내 6개 관측소의 일일 강우량 자료와 GPM IMERG 일강우량 자료 상관분석 결과 약 0.623, Bias는 -0.147, RMSE는 15.7정도로 분석되었다. 홍수량 분석은 2012년 8월 홍수가 발생한 시기인 2012년 8월 1일 00(UTC)부터 2012년 8월 16일 00(UTC)까지의 1시간 간격의 위성강우자료와 글로벌 지형자료를 이용하였고, 한국건설기술연구원의 MapWindow 기반 GRM 모형(mwGRM)을 이용하였다. 분석 결과 첨부홍수가 발생한 시기는 8월 7일 18:00(UTC)였고, 첨두 홍수량은 $4,073.9m^3/sec$로 분석되었다. 향후 수위-유량 관계식에 의해 정확도평가를 수행할 계획이다.